吐鲁番导游词（通用3篇）
高昌城于公元前一世纪，是西汉王朝在车师前国境内的屯田部队所建。他位于丝绸之路中心地带，为过往的商人与旅人提供可以歇息的地方和沙漠中的必需品——水和食物。一直到十三世纪，经过多年的战火，现在已经是残垣断壁了。可是对于我这个好奇心特强，又喜欢历史的小朋友来说，这是个千载难逢的好机会啊!
“哎，不是说是个故城吗?怎么是个博物馆?”我失望得叫起来。妈妈神秘地对我说：“不要着急啊，待会儿你就知道了。”哦!原来还要坐一个观光车进去啊。车子一转弯，突然，高昌故城一下子出现在我的面前。太壮观了!虽然现在只剩下残破的围墙和建筑，可这些用土砖建成的建筑竟能在战火后屹立千百年而不坍塌，真是奇迹啊!精美的佛寺，考究的壁画，类似伊斯兰教圆顶清真寺的讲经堂……这一切都能看出高昌故城以前的繁荣与昌盛。
车子一边行进，一边播放着故城的传说和故事。最让我感兴趣的是西行取经的唐玄奘与高昌王麹文泰结拜为兄弟而留下的那一段千古佳话。
“哎——”这一声叹息包含着对历史的惋惜与感慨。我们在赞扬古人的智慧与勇敢的时候，也应该为历史上这些毁坏故城的暴君和探险家感到惭愧。
高昌故城遗址坐落在吐鲁番市东面约四十公里的哈拉和卓乡所在地附近，北距火焰山南麓的木头沟沟口(胜金口)约6.5公里，东距鄯善县城约55公里，属吐鲁番文物局管辖。它是古丝绸之路的必经之地和重要门户。高昌故城的维吾尔语称亦都护城，即"王城"之意，因为此城为高昌回鹘王国的都城，故名。
1961年被国务院公布为全国重点文保护单位。被誉为“长安远在西域的翻版”曾经有一位考古学家这样说“如果想知道盛唐时的长安城是什么样，就来吐鲁番的高昌故城吧，它就是唐时长安远在西域的翻版”时光已逝千年，但当时的繁盛仍依稀可见。
高昌故城奠基于公元前一世纪，是西汉王朝在车师前国境内的屯田部队所建。《汉书》中最早提到了“高昌壁”。《北史•西域传》记载：“昔汉武遣兵西讨，师旅顿敝，其中尤困者因住焉。地势高敞，人庶昌盛，因名高昌”。汉、魏、晋历代均派有戊己校尉此城，管理屯田，故又被称为“戊己校尉城”。
公元320__年，前凉张骏在此“置高昌郡，立田地县”(《初学记》卷八引顾野三《舆地志》)。继之又先后为河西走廊的前奏、后凉、西凉、北凉所管辖。442年，北凉残余势力在沮渠无讳率领下“西逾流沙”，在此建立了流亡政权。450年，沮渠安周攻破交河城，灭车师前国，吐鲁番盆地政治、经济、文化的中心遂由交河城完全转移到高昌城。460年，柔然人杀北凉王安周，“以阚伯周为高昌王。高昌之称王自此始也”(《周书。高昌传》)。
此后张、马、麴氏在高昌相继称王，其中以麴氏高昌统治时间最长，达一百四十余年(499-640)。
这些“高昌王“均受中原王朝的册封。麴伯雅还曾到隋朝长安朝觐，并娶隋华容公主为妻。
640年，唐吏部尚书侯君集带兵统一了高昌，在此置西州，下辖高昌、交河、柳中、蒲昌、天山五县。由侯君集所得高昌国户籍档案统计，当时有人口三万七千。
八世纪末以后，吐蕃人曾一度占据了高昌。
九世纪中叶以后，漠北草原回鹘汗国衰亡后，西迁的部分余众攻下高昌，在此建立了回鹘高昌国。其疆域最盛时包括原唐朝的西州、伊州、庭州以及焉耆、龟兹二都督府之地。此外还统有分布在罗布淖一带的众熨及其它一些别的民族或部落，地域范围远远超过了今吐鲁番盆地。1220__年，高昌回鹘臣附蒙古，成吉思汗赐回鹘高昌王为自己的第五子，并下嫁公主。
十三世纪以后，天山以北广大地区的西北蒙古游牧贵族以海都、都哇为首发动叛乱，坚持“仍旧要生活在草原上，不能到城市地区去”，曾多次南下侵犯臣属于元朝的回鹘高昌国，1275年一次出兵十二万围攻火州(高昌)达半年之久，后来亦都护(高昌王号)火赤哈尔的斤终于战死在同海都、都哇的战争中。这场战火延续四十余年之久，高昌城在战乱中被毁。
元延祐三年至五年(1316-1318)，受元仁宗册封继承高王位的火赤哈尔的斤的儿子纽林的斤，在元朝的支持下，“领兵火州，复立畏兀儿城池”(《元史•巴而术阿尔忒的斤传》)。由于高昌城在战火中毁坏过甚，这次重建的火州城已不在高昌旧址，而在原高昌城西(今阿斯塔那居民村附近)。元朝统治瓦解后，火洲部割据处称“地面”，故《明史》称：“火州……东有荒城，即高昌国都”。
登高眺望，全程平面略呈不规则的正方形，布局可以分为外城、内城和宫城三部分。城垣保存较完整。
外城略呈方形，周长约五公里，占地面二百万平方米。城墙为夯筑，墙基厚约12米，高11.5米，周长约5公里;夯土筑成，夯层厚8-12厘米，间杂少量的土坯，有清楚地夹棍眼;城垣外侧有突出的垛台一“马面”建筑。
高昌故城外城西南角的一所寺院，占地近一万平方米，由大门、庭院、讲经堂、藏经楼、大殿、僧房等组成。从建筑特征和残存壁画上的联珠纹图案分析，其建筑年代约在公元六世纪。寺院附近还残存一些“坊”、“市”遗址，可能是小手工业者的作坊和商业市场。外城的东南角也有一所寺院，保存有一座多边形的塔和一个礼拜窟(支提窟)，是城内唯一保存有较好壁画的地方。从壁画的风格和塔的造型分析，为回鹘高昌后期(公元12-13世纪)的建筑。
内城北部正中有一平面不规则略呈正方形的小堡垒，当地叫“可汗堡”。堡内北面的高台上有一高达十五米的夯筑方形塔状建筑物;稍西有一座地上地下双层建筑物，现仅存地下部分，南、西、北三面有宽大的阶梯式门道供出入，规模虽不大，但与交河故城现存唐代最豪华的一所官署衙门建筑形式相同，可能是一宫殿遗址。解放前，一支德国考察队曾在堡内东南角盗掘出一方“北凉承平三年(445)沮渠安周造寺功德碑”。沮渠安周是在高昌建立流亡政权的北凉王，据该碑推断，此堡可能是当时的宫城，并有王室寺院。
北部的宫城内留存许多高大的殿基，一般高三米半至四米左右，可以看出其中有高达四层的宫殿建筑遗址。
高昌城北面原是一片茫茫戈壁，居民死后大都葬在这里。整个墓群从城东北一直延伸到城西北，东西长约五公里，南北宽两公里，占地十平方公里左右。本世纪初以来，在这里发掘清理墓葬五百多座，出土文书、丝毛棉麻织物、墓志、钱币、泥塑木雕俑、陶木器皿、绘画、农作物、瓜果食品等各种历史文物，数以万计。
实地考察，证之文献资料，高昌郡时期高昌城已经有了现存的内城。外城墙是麴氏高昌时期所建。城北郊阿斯塔那-哈拉和卓古墓群出土的属于这一时期的文书中有“北坊中城”、“东南坊”、“西南坊”等记载，说明当时此城已经有中、外之分，东、南、西、北之别。见于文书中的城门有青阳门、建阳门、玄德门、武城门、金章门、金福门等。敦煌莫高窟藏经洞发现的《西州图经》中记：“圣人塔，在子城东北角”，表明唐代西州城是有子城的。早期的宫城在今“可汗堡”内。麴氏高昌时期随着外城的修建，宫城遂迁移到北部，南面而王，与隋唐时长安城的布局相似。回鹘高昌时期宫城内又曾大兴土木。
汉唐以来，高昌是连接中原中亚、欧洲的枢纽。经贸活动十分活跃，世界各地的宗教先后经由高昌传入内地，毫不夸张的说，它是世界古代宗教最活跃最发达的地方，也是世界宗教文化荟萃的宝地之一。唐代佛教高僧玄奘，为了提高佛教学水平，不畏杀身之祸，于公元620__年偷偷离开长安，出玉门，经高昌，沿丝绸中路到印度，遍游今阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度诸国，历时20__年。在高昌，玄奘诵经讲佛，与高昌王拜为兄弟，留下一段千古佳话。
高昌故城自公元前一世纪建高昌壁，到十三世纪废弃，使用了一千三百多年。始建时间距今已有两千多年了。它是吐鲁番地区千年沧桑的见证。
1988年被列为国家级重点文物保护单位。
Dear tourists
As we all know, the hottest place in the country is Turpan, and the hottestplace in Turpan is fangdangtui Huoyan mountain. In summer, the highesttemperature of Huoyanshan is above 47.8 ℃. In midsummer, when the sun is red,the earth's atmosphere is transpiration and the clouds are shrouded, which isvery spectacular.
The name of Huoyanshan → mountain characteristics
Tourists, through the window, we can see that the thing in front is like afire dragon lying in the middle of Turpan Basin. The red mountain isYanshan.
The name of Huoyanshan mainly comes from its appearance. Look! The bedrockof Huoyanshan is exposed, the reddish brown sandstone glows in the hot sun, andthe hot air is rolling up, just like thousands of flames burning. The name of"Huoyanshan" comes from this. Huoyanshan is called chishi mountain in ancientbooks, and kiziltag in Uighur language, which means red mountain. CEN Shenci, apoet of the Tang Dynasty, passed through Huoyanshan and wrote "the volcanostands out at the mouth of chitingkou, and the fire clouds are thick in May.".The mountains are full of volcanoes and the birds are flying far away. "Dare notcome". Chen Cheng, a traveler in the Ming Dynasty, once wrote a poem to describeit: "a piece of smoke and a piece of red, burning to the sky. At the end ofspring, it's half as clear as summer. Who knows that there is Zhu Rong in thewest? " It can be called a vivid portrayal of Huoyanshan.
Huoyanshan is a long and narrow mountain in east-west direction, with atotal length of 98 km and a north-south width of 9 km. The general height isabout 500 meters, and the highest peak is 831.7 meters. Despite the fact thatthere is no grass on the surface of Huoyan mountain, due to crustal movement andriver cutting, there are many picturesque gullies and canyons hidden in themountain, such as Putaogou, tuyugou, taoergou, mumugou, shengjinkou Canyon, etc.In these valleys, the streams linger, the melons and fruits are fragrant, theflowers and trees are verdant, and the scenery is charming, just like the"flower and fruit dock" scene in "Huozhou".
The formation of Huoyanshan → the best observation point is shengjinkou
Perhaps some tourists will ask: How did the flame mountain form? How manyyears ago? The answer to these two questions can be traced back to 140 millionyears ago. At that time, due to the short and small folds in the front of Bogdamountain in the east of Tianshan Mountain, the crust changed, and after theHimalayan orogeny, the rudiment of the mountains gradually formed. Since then,it has experienced a long geological period, spanning several geological periodsof Jurassic, Cretaceous and tertiary, together with the special climateenvironment, showing the current geological shape.
Tourists, the best place to observe the structure of Huoyanshan isshengjinkou. Please get out of the car and take photos in front of the stonepedestal with the sign of "Huoyanshan", and then listen to my explanation.
Shengjinkou is 30 kilometers away from Turpan City in the west, connectingXinjiang with the mainland of 312 national highway, and crossing the Huoyanshanby the mugou river. Shengjinkou mountain is a precipitous place for militarystrategists since ancient times. As for the name of shengjinkou, there isanother origin: in the past, the local people called shengjinkou "seepingmouth". That's because after the water from mutugou flowed out of TianshanMountain, it became less and less. When they arrived at the Gobi desert nearshengjinkou, the water almost seeped clean, so they called it "seeping mouth".Later, people thought the name was not very auspicious, so they changed itshomonym to "shengjinkou", so it has been used to this day.
[story of Huoyanshan: myth of journey to the West → Uyghur folklore]tourists, Huoyanshan is named not only because of its unique appearance andstructure, but also because of its legendary mythology.
Journey to the west is one of the stories in which the master andapprentice of Tang monks and disciples of the Tang Dynasty are hindered fromlearning from the Buddhist scriptures in Huoyan mountain. In the 59th and 60thchapters of journey to the west, "Tang Sanzang road blocks Flame Mountain, andsun Xinger's three tune banana fan," it is written: "there is a state of Sri onthe Western Road, which is the place where the sun sets. It is commonly called"the end of the sky. ". There is a flame mountain here. It is hot all the yearround. The Flame Mountain has a flame of 800 Li, surrounded by nothing. If youcross the mountain, you will turn your copper skull and iron body into juice. "Although this description is exaggerated, the basic characteristics of hotseasons and barren grass are completely consistent with the actual situation ofHuoyanshan. It can be seen that the author did not invent it out of thinair.
In the eyes of the common people, good is the highest beauty, so the endingof the story in Huoyanshan is that justice will defeat evil, which has beendescribed in detail in Uygur folklore. It is said that a long time ago, therewas a dragon in the depths of Tianshan Mountain, which ate only boys and girls.The local top leader was determined to kill the dragon for the people, so hesent a warrior named Hala and Zhuo to subdue the dragon. After a thrillingbattle, Hara and Zhuo beat the dragon with their swords and finally subdued thedragon. After the dragon was injured, it rotated along the mountain, and thewhole mountain was dyed red by blood. Therefore, Uighur people called thismountain "Red Mountain".
Beautiful legend, profound meaning, reverie. Tourists, when we stop andthink about the flame mountain, we will feel that the wonders of Flame Mountainare not enough, and the story of Flame Mountain is endless. In order to makesure that you don't have any regrets, the next time you visit the old city ofGaochang and the thousand Buddha cave in bozikrik, you have to pass by the flamemountain. Therefore, we can fully enjoy the wonderful scenery of the flamemountain from different directions. I hope the trip to flame mountain will leaveyou a good memory.
