2022届中考英语语法基础（精选13篇）
【冲击XX年中考英语精品复习资料】语法基础-3副 词 的 定 义: 副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。 副 词 的 分 类: 1) 时间和频度副词: now,then,often,always,usually,early,today, lately, next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday. 2) 地点副词: here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on. 3) 方式副词: carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly 4) 程度副词: much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly. 5) 疑问副词: how, when, where, why. 6) 关系副词: when, where, why. 7) 连接副词: how, when, where, why, whether. 副 词 的 用 法: 副词在句中可作状语,表语,短语。 he works hard. 他工作努力。 you speak english quite well. 你英语讲的很好。 is she in ? 她在家吗? let's be out. 让我们出去吧。 food here is hard to get. 这儿很难弄到食物。 副 词 的 位 置: 1) 多数副词都可以放在动词的后面,如果动词带有宾语,副词就放在宾语后面。 i get up early in the morning everyday. 我每天早早起床。 he gave me a gift yesterday. 他昨天给了我一件礼物。 she didn't drink water enough. 她没喝够水。 the train goes fast. 火车跑得快。 we can go to this school freely. 我们可以免费到这家学校学习。 they left a life hardly then. 当时他们的生活很艰难。 he has a new cat on today. 他今天戴了一顶新帽子。 i have seen this film twice with my friends. 这部电影我和朋友看过两次。 2) 副词修饰形容词,副词时,副词在前面,而被修饰的词在后面。 it's rather easy, i can do it. 这很容易,我能做到。 he did it quite well. 他做得相当好。 it's rather difficult to tell who is right. 很难说谁是对的。 it's so important that i must tell my friends. 这件事太重要了，我得告诉我的朋友。 it's much better. 好多了。 3) 频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面。 i often help him these days. 这些日子我经常帮助他。 i always remember the day when i first came to this school. 我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。 you mustn't always help me. 你不能老是帮助我。 he seldom comes to see us. 他很少来看我们。 we usually go shopping once a week. 我们通常一周买一次东西。 the new students don't always go to dance. 新学生并不时常去跳舞。 4) 疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。 when do you study everyday? 你每天什么时间学习? can you tell me how you did it? 你能告诉我你如何做的吗? first, let me ask you some questions. 先让我来问几个问题。 how much does this bike cost? 这辆车子多少钱？ either you go or he comes. 不是你去就是他来。 the students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 当老师进教室时，学生们正在读书。 5) 时间副词和地点副词在一个句中, 地点副词在前面时间副词在后面。 we went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday. 昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了. what were you doing in the classroom yesterday evening? 昨天下午你在教室里干什么？ the accident took place one hour ago in the eleven avenue. 一小时前十一号大街发生了一场事故。 副 词 的 比 较 等 级: 副词和形容词一样,也有它的比较级和最高级形式. 可以参考形容词的变换形式。但以词尾 -ly 结尾的副词（除 early ）须用 more 和 most 。 hard harder hardest fast faster fastest early earlier earliest much more most warmly more warmly most warmly 单音节副词的比较级是在副词后面加上 -er 构成的，最高级是在副词后面加上 -est 构成的。 near nearer nearest hard harder hardest 多音节副词的比较级是在副词的前面加上 -more 构成的。 最高级是在副词前面加上 -most 构成的。 warmly more warmly most warmly successfully more successfully most successfully 有些副词的比较级和最高级形式是不规则的。 well-better - best little - less - least much- more - most badly - worse - worst far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest) 副词的比较级和最高级用法同形容词的比较级用法基本一样。 最高级形式句中 the 可以省略。 he works harder than i. 他比我工作努力。 lucy gets up earlier than lili. 露西比丽丽起床早。 he runs fastest in our class. 他在我们班跑地最快。 he dives deeper than his teammates. 他比他的队员潜水深。 it's true that he speak english more fluently than any of us. 他英语讲的确实比我们任何人都好。 our school team play football best in our region. 我们校队在我们地区足球踢得最好的。
【冲击XX年中考英语精品复习资料】语法基础-5非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。 climbing mountain is a good exercise. (climbing..., 动名词起名词作用） 爬山是一项好运动。 do you know the man wearing a white shirt. （wearing ... 分词起形容词作用） 你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗？ he gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用） 他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。 谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别： 2) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 miss mary teaches us english. 玛丽教我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语） mr.victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. 维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。 （to have a talk.... 不定式作状语） 3) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。 （动词用单数第三人称形式） larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。（do 用原形） 非谓语动词的特征： 2 如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。 studying english is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。（studying 后跟宾语） to help him is my duty. 帮助他是我的责任。（help 后跟宾语） 3 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。 working under such a condition is terrible. 在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。 (under such a condition 是 working 的状语） it's too difficult for him to master english in such a short time. 他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。 （for him 作不定式的逻辑主语） 4 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。 i am sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起让你久等了。 （to have kept...是不定式的完成形式） seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。 （seen from...是分词的被动形式） 5 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。 our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。（coming 起名词作用） there are two big swimming pools here. ? 这儿有两个大型游泳池。 (swimming 起形容词作用） 非谓语动词的形式变化： 不 定 式 主 动 被 动 一 般 to write to be written 进 行 to be writing / 完 成 to have written to have been written 完成进行 to have been writing / 现在分词 主 动 被 动 一 般 writing being written 完 成 having written having been written 过 去 分 词 一般 written 动 名 词 主 动 被 动 一般 writing being written 完成 having written having been written 动 名 词 动名词是由动词原形 + ing 构成，同现在分词形式一样，在句中可作主语， 宾语，表语和定语。 1) 动名词作主语： talking like that is not polite. 那样谈话不礼貌。 learning from others is important . 向别人学习很重要。 putting on more clothes is not so good . 多穿衣服不一定好。 动名词可以象动词不定式一样，用 it 先行祠代替， 而把动名词写在后面。 it's no use waiting here, let's go home. 在这儿等着也没用，我们回家吧。 it's very difficult climbing this mountain. 爬这座山很困难。 2) 动名词作表语 the nurse's job is looking after the patients. 护士的工作是护理病人。 seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 3) 动名词作宾语 有些动词须用动名词来作宾语,它们是begin, mind, suggest, finish, stop, need, enjoy, miss, keep. please stop smoking in the house. 请不要在家里抽烟。 i like reading in the forest. 我喜欢在树林里读书。 do you mind my opening the windows? 你介意我打开窗户吗？ she is found of collecting stamp. 她喜欢集邮。 动名词作定语 she is studying in the reading room. 她在阅览室学习。 he slept in the sleeping bag. 他在睡袋里睡觉。 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词 he pretend not knowing it at all. 他假装全然不知。 we considered not doing it now. 我们考虑现在不做这件事 。 动名词的时态： 动名词的一般时 动名词的一般时表示动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词的动作之后发生。 i enjoy swimming in the big river. 我喜欢在大河里游泳。 i am used to watching tv in the evening. 我习惯于晚上看电视。 动名词的完成时 动名词的完成时表示动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。 she regret not having studied the computer hard. 她后悔没有努力学习计算机。 do you remember having promised me that? 你记得给我许愿了吗？ 动名词的被动形式 ： 当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，用动名词的被动形式来表示。 his being looked down upon made him sick. 他被人冷落使他很伤感。 i can't really stand being treated like that. 我简直受不了这样的对待。 动名词的几个特殊情况： 1) 有些动词的后面能跟动名词做宾语，有些动词能跟不定式，有些两者都可以， 它们的具体含义有时还不一样。 能跟动名词的动词有： avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, can't help, 等。 能跟不定式的动词有： decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree, manage, 能跟动名词和不定式的动词有： love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, start, 动词后面跟动名词还是不定式，含义不相同，总的来说，表示习惯的， 一般性的动作多跟动名词，一次性的具体的被动动作多跟不定式。 i like to go with you. 我想和你一块儿去。 i like reading. 我喜欢阅读。 he promised to help her. 他答应过要帮助她。 we love watching vcd. 我们喜欢看vcd。 2) remember, forget, regret后面跟动名词时，动名词表示过去的动作， 后面跟不定式时，不定式表示将来的动作。 i remember meeting him in the street. 我记得在街上见过他。 i remember to write a letter to my parents. 我想起来要给我父母亲写信。 3) "stop + 动名词"表示停止动名词所表示的动作， "stop + 不定式"表示停下来 做不定式所表示的动作。 stop smoking, please. 请不要抽烟 。 let's stop to have a rest. 咱们停下来休息一下吧。 4) 动名词和分词的区别： 动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，而分词作定语时， 分词和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系。 reading text 阅读课文 〔动名词〕 developing country 发展中国家 〔分词〕 a sleeping bag 睡袋 〔动名词〕 boiled water 开水 〔分词〕
【冲击XX年中考英语精品复习资料】语法基础-8动词不定式是一种非谓语动词的形式 非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。 climbing mountain is a good exercise. (climbing..., 动名词起名词作用） 爬山是一项好运动。 do you know the man wearing a white shirt. （wearing ... 分词起形容词作用） 你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗？ he gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用） 他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。 谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别： 1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 miss mary teaches us english. 玛丽教我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语） mr.victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. 维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。 （to have a talk.... 不定式作状语） 2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。 （动词用单数第三人称形式） larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。（do 用原形） 非谓语动词的特征： 1 如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。 studying english is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。（studying 后跟宾语） to help him is my duty. 帮助他是我的责任。（help 后跟宾语） 2 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。 working under such a condition is terrible. 在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的状语） it's too difficult for him to master english in such a short time. 他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。（for him 作不定式的逻辑主语） 3 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。 i am sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起让你久等了。（to have kept...是不定式的完成形式） seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。（seen from...是分词的被动形式） 4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。 our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。（coming 起名词作用） there are two big swimming pools here. 这儿有两个大型游泳池。(swimming 起形容词作用） 非谓语动词的形式变化： 不 定 式 主 动 被 动 一般 to write to be written 进行 to be writing / 完成 to have written to have been written 完成进行 to have been writing / 现 在 分 词 主 动 被 动 一般 writing being written 完成 having written having been written 过 去 分 词 一般 written 动 名 词 主 动 被 动 一 般 writing being written 完 成 having written having been written 动 词 不 定 式： 动词不定式是由 to + 动词原形构成，在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。 1 动词不定式作主语： to mast a language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情。 to teach english is my favorite. 教英语是我的爱好。 it's my pleasure to help you. 很乐意帮助你。 动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面，而用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。 it's very kind of you to have given us much help. 你给了我们那么多的帮助真是太好了。 it's necessary to find the witness. 有必要找到目击者。 2 动词不定式作宾语： 某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语，这些动词有decide, begin, help, begin, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask. what i wish is to learn english well. 我所希望的是把英语学好。 i like to help others if i can. 如果有可能的话，我喜欢帮助别人。 3 动词不定式作宾语补语 。 we expect you to be with us. 我们希望你和我们在一起。 please ask him to come here quickly. 请叫他快过来。 4 动词不定式作表语 ： what i should do is to finish the task soon. 我应该做的是赶快完成任务。 the most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately. 当务之急是马上去找孩子。 5 动词不定式作定语： there are many ways to solve the problem. 有许多方法能解决这个问题。 i have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事情要告诉你。 6 不定式作状语： we went to the hospital to see our teacher. 我们去医院看了我们的老师。 she is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a tibet flower. 她在做试验，从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物。 动词不定式的否定形式： not + to + 动词原形 the teacher told us not to swim in that river. 老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。 it's unfair not to tell us. 没告诉我们真是不公平。 带疑问词的不定式： 疑问词who, what,which,when, where, how, why 可以加在不定式的前面，构成不定式短语，使含义更加具体。 where to go is not known yet. 去什么地方还不知道。 i don't know when to begin. 我不知道什么时间开始。 can you tell me where to get the battery. 你能告诉我哪儿能买到电池吗？ do you know how to get to the station. 你知道怎样去车站吗？ 带逻辑主语的不定式： 动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成方法是： for + 逻辑主语 + 不定式。 注意：逻辑主语用宾格形式， for 本身无实际意义，它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。 it's necessary for us to help each other. 我们互相帮忙是必要的。 there are much work for me to finish, 有许多工作要我去完成。 动词不定式的时态： 动词不定式一般时：表示动作和句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或之后发生。 i helped him put the things into the car. 我帮助他把东西放进了汽车。 i want to see you again. 我想再见到你。 would you like to have a rest. 你愿意休息一下吗？ 动词不定式完成时： 表示动作在句中谓语动词的动作之前发生。 we are sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 对不起，我们让你久等了。 they seems to have known the answers. 他们好像知道了答案。 动词不定式进行时：表示动作同句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，强调动作正在进行。 they seem to be working hard. 他们好像在努力工作。 动词不定式的被动形式： 表示不定式动词同所修饰的名词是被动关系 。 he is the man to be examined. 他是受检查的人。 there are much work to be done. 有好多工作要做。
【冲击XX年中考英语精品复习资料】语法基础-7代 词 的 定 义: 代替名词, 形容词或数词的词就是代词。它们指人称和事物 ,但又不说出他们的名字,所以叫做人称代词。 代词的分类: 代词可分为八类,他们是: 1) 人称代词 5) 疑问代词 2) 物主代词 6) 连接代词 3) 指示代词 7) 关系代词 4) 反身代词 8) 不定代词 代词的用法: 1) 人称代词: 表示 " 我,你,他,我们,你们,他们等 " 的词叫做人称代词。人称代词有人称,数和格之分。 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 i me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he,she,it his,her,it they them 人称代词可用作主语,表语,宾语以及介词的宾语。 i am a worker, i work in the factory. 我是一个工人,我在工厂工作。 you are a good teacher. 你是一位优秀教师。 she is a little girl. 她是一个小女孩。 it's a heavy box, i can't carry it. 这是一个重盒子,我搬不动。 it's me. open the door quickly. 是我, 快开门。 don't tell him about it. 不要告诉他这件事情。 she is always ready to help us. 她随时都在准备帮助我们。 our teacher is very strict with us. 我们的老师对我们很严格。 人称代词中几个注意的情况: 第一人称单数代词 " i(我)" 不论在什么地方都要大写。 i study english every day. 我天天学习英语。 " we " 常常代替" i "表示一种同读者,听众或观众之间的亲密关系。 we shall do our best to help the poor. 我们将尽全力帮助贫困者。 " she "常常代替国家, 城市, 宠物等,表示一种亲密或爱抚的感情。 i live in china。 she is a great country. 我住在中国。 她是一个伟大的国家。 " it " 有时也可指人。 it's me. open the door, please. 是我,请开门。 " they " 有时代替一般人. they say you are good at computer. 他们说你精通计算机。 2) 物主代词: 表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。列表如下。 形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 单数 复数 单数 复数 第一人称 my our mine ours 第二人称your our yours yours 第三人称 his,her,its their his, hers,its theirs 形容词性物主代词可用作定语,例如: i love my country. 我热爱我的国家。 is this your car? 这是你的汽车吗? some one is looking for you, his name is tom. 有人找你,他的名字是汤姆。 名词性的物主代词可用作主语,宾语,表语以及与"of" 连接的定语。 li hua's bike is red, and yours is green. 李华的自行车是红色的,而你的是绿色的。 that car is mine, not yours. 那辆汽车是我的,不是你的。 these books are ours. 这些书是我们的。 whose bag is it? it's hers. 这是谁的书包? 是她的。 yesterday i met a friend of mine in the street. 昨天我在街上碰见了我的一位朋友。 反身代词: 表示我自己,你自己,他自己,我们自己,你们自己,他们自己等的词叫做反身代词。反身代词第一, 二人称构成是由形容词性物主代词加 "-self " (复数加 -selves ) 构成。 第三人称反身代词是由人称代词宾格形式加 - self (复数加 - selves ) 构成。 单数 复数 第一人称 myself ourselves 第二人称 yourself yourselves 第三人称 himself themselves ( herself, itself ) 反身代词的用法: 反身代词可用作宾语,表语,主语的同位语和宾语的同位语。用作同位语时表示强调"本人,自己"。 i am teaching myself computer. 我自学计算机。 take good care of yourself. 把自己照顾好。 the child himself drew this picture. 孩子自己画的这张画。 you should ask the children themselves. 你应该问一问孩子们自己。 指示代词: 表示这个,那个,这些,那些以及it, such, same等词叫做指示代词。指示代词在句中作主语, 宾语, 表语, 定语。 that is a red car. 那是一辆红色汽车。 what do you like? i like this. 你喜欢什么? 我喜欢这个。 i should say i know that. 我应该说我知道这件事情。 指示代词的用法: this 和 these 表示在时间上或空间上较近的人或物。 this is a book. 这是一本书。 these are cars. 这些是汽车。 i am busy these days. 我这些日子很忙。 that 和those 表示在时间上或空间上较远的人或物。 that is not a room. 那不是一间房间。 those are threes. 那些是树。 that 和those 还可以指前文中的事物, this 和 these 指下文中将要讲到的事物。他们起一种承上或启下的作用。 i got up late, that's why i missed the bus. 我起床迟了,这就是为什么我没赶上汽车。 疑问代词 : 表示“谁(who),谁 (whom),谁的(whose),什么(what), 哪个或哪些 (which)”等词叫疑问代词。 疑问代词的用法: 疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，疑问代词一般放在句子的最前面，在句中可用作主语,宾语,表语,定语。 who is here just now? 刚才谁来这儿? whom are you looking for? 你在找谁? whose exercise-book is this? 这是谁的练习本? what is this? 这是什么? which one do you like, this one or that one? 你喜欢哪一个,这个还是那个? 疑问代词还可以引导一个间接疑问句,也就是一个从句。疑问代词在句中可用作从句的主语,宾语,表语等成分。 what we should do is still unknown. 我们该干什么仍然还不知道。 i know whom he is looking for. 我知道他在找谁。 关系代词: 关系代词是一种引导从句起连接主句和从句的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。 this is the students whose name is wang hua. 这就是名叫王华的学生。 i know what he is coming to get. 我知道他来要拿什么东西。 不定代词: 没有明确指定代替任何特定名词或形容词的词叫做不定代词,常用的不定代词如下: all,any,another,both,each,every,either,every, few,little, many, much, no,none,neither,one, other,some以及由 some, any, no, every 和 body, one, thing 构成的复合词。 不定代词的用法: 不定代词代替名词或形容词.在句中可用作主语, 宾语，表语和定语。 everybody should be here in time tomorrow. 明天大家都要按时到。 i know nothing about it. 这件事情我一点都不知道。 that's all i know. 这就是我知道的。 i go to school everyday. 我每天去学校上学。 不定代词的具体用法: any 一些,任何。 any 多用作否定或疑问句中,any 在句中作主语, 宾语, 定语。 any作定语时,它所修饰的名词没有单复数限制, 一般多用复数, any 用在肯定句 中,表示"任何"。 do you have any books? 你有书吗? you can come any time. 你什么时候都可以来。 some 一些,某些,某个。 some 多用在肯定句中,表示邀请或者对方可能给予肯定回答的疑问句中等。 there are a lot of flowers in the garden, some are white, which i like very much. 花园里有许多花,一些是白色的,我特别喜欢。 i am going to get some ink. 我去弄点墨水。 will you have some coffee, please? 喝点咖啡吗？ no 无.在句中作定语.表示否定,语气要比 not any 强. she knows no english. 她根本就不懂英语。 i have no bike. 我就没有自行车。 none 无人,无物,无东西.在句中作主语 ,定语,宾语。 none 在句中代替不可数名词作定语时, 谓语动词要用单数形式。 none 在句中代替可数名词作定语时, 谓语动词要用复数形式。 none of them are workers. 他们没一个是工人。 it's none of your business. 这不碍你的事。 many 许多.在句中作主语,宾语 ,定语. many 在句中代替可数名词。 many of the students like english very much. 许多学生非常喜欢英语。 i have many books to give you. 我有许多书要给你。 much 许多。在句中作主语,宾语,定语。much 在句中代替不可数名词。 there is not much ink in the bottle. 瓶子里没多少墨水了。 a few,a little,few,little. 几个,一点儿,没几个, 没多少。它们在句中作主语,宾语,定语,其中 a few 和 few 代替可数名词 , a little 和 little 代替不可数名词，它们表示少量,不多,几个, 只是主观上的一种相对说法，并没有具体的数量标准。 few of the books are cheap now. 现在没几本儿书是便宜的。 a few friends came to see me yesterday. 昨天有几个朋友来看我。 i have a little money to buy the book. 我的这点钱能买这本书。 there is little water in the thermos. 暖水瓶没多少水了。
【冲击XX年中考英语精品复习资料】语法基础-1 介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作主语, 状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。例如: most of the students went to the classroom. 大部分学生去了教室。 we play basketball on the sports ground. 我们在操场上打蓝球。 介词常与动词,形容词,名词一起构成固定搭配。 belong to 属于 rely on 依靠 talk to 同...谈话 be afraid of 害怕 be strict with对...严格 介词一般放在名词之前。但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词,疑问副词或者关系代词时，这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。 where do you come from? 你是哪儿人? who are you talking to? 你在跟谁谈话呢? what do you study for? 你为了什么而学习? 介词在英语词汇中所占比例很小，但它们的用法却非常灵活,复杂。下列为常用介词及含义: about 关于,附近,大约,周围,随身. i have bought a book about shakespearean. 我买了一本有关莎士比亚的书。 there are about fifteen trees in the picture. 图片里大约有十五棵树。 above 在....上,高出,以上,超过,在...上游. the plane is flying above the clouds. 飞机在云上飞行。 i think the man is above sixty years old. 我想那人有六十多岁了。 across 横过,对面,交叉,在...的对面. can you swim across the river？ 你能游过河吗？ we live across the street. 我们住在街的对面。 after 在...后面,依照. he went home after school. 他放学后就回家了。 read after me, please. 请跟我朗读。 against 撞到，靠着,反对,违背, the car hit against the tree. 汽车撞了树。 he is standing against the wall. 他靠墙站着。 along 沿着,顺着. they are walking along the river. 他们沿着河行走。 among 在...当中. he is the tallest among them. 他是他们当中个子最高的。 around 在...的周围,在...那一边. they sat around the table talking the news. 他们绕桌而坐谈论新闻。 there is a drugstore around the corner. 拐角处有一家药店。 as 作为. he doesn't like people treat him as a child. 他不喜欢人们把他当小孩子对待。 at 在...时刻,在...点钟,在...岁时, 向，在...之中，按...速度,值(卖)...钱, he always gets up at six in the morning. 他时常早上六点钟起床。 he shot at the bird but missed it. 他向鸟射击，但是没射中。 the car goes at eighty miles an hour. 汽车以每小时八十公里的速度行驶。 before 在...的前面(位置),在...之前(时间) e took a picture before the car. 他在汽车前照了张照片。 he can't finish his work before supper. 晚饭前他完不成工作。 behind 在...的后面(位置), 落后于，不如， 迟于,晚于(时间) are there any brooms behind the door. 门后有扫帚吗？ all of us are behind him in mathematics. 我们数学都不如他。 below 在...之下,低于, there are four lights below the ceiling. 天花板下面有四盏灯。 the murderer run away below the police's eyes. 杀人犯从警察眼皮底下跑了。 beside 在...的旁边,在...之外,与...相比. he found the body by the river. 他在河边发现了尸体。 beside yours， my computer is too slow. 与你的计算机速度相比，我的就慢多了。 besides 除...之外, we are all here besides bowe. 除鲍外，我们也都来了。 between 在...两者之间, the relations between the two countries has improved since then. 两国的关系从那以后得到了改善。 beyond 在...那边, the shop you are looking for is beyond the street, you can't miss it. 你要找的商店在街的那边，你不会找不到的。 but 除去. he has nothing but money. 他除钱以外什么都没有。 by 被..., 在...的近旁 , 在...之前, 不迟于, 以...为手段。 the classroom was cleaned by the students. 教室由学生们打扫干净了。 miss lucy came to china by air. 露西小姐是乘飞机来中国的。 down 沿着...望下。 she walked down the street. 她沿着街道走。 during 在...期间,在...时候。 during the holiday, we went to the south. 我们假期去了南方。 except 除...之外。 he knows nothing except english. 他除英语以外什么都不知道。 for 为..., 因为..., 至于... 。 he works for this company. 他为这家公司工作。 she came back to the classroom for she had left her books in the classroom. 她返回到教室是因为把书留在了那里。 ? from 从..., 来自..., 因为...。 where are you from? 你是哪里人？ he died from an accident. 他死于一场事故。 in 在..., 在...之内，从事于..., 按照..., 穿着...。 he was born in 1992. 他生于1992年。 i could finish the program in two weeks. 我可以用两周时间完成这个项目。 he spend less time in reading. 他读书时间很少。 the man in black jacket is our teacher. 穿黑夹克的那个人是我们的老师。 like 象...，如同...。 the twins are like their father. 双胞胎象他们的父亲。 near 靠近....。 there are some flowers near the house. 房子附近有一些花。 of ...的，属于...。 this is a map of china. 这是一张中国地图。 off 离开...，在...之外。 the young man got off the train quickly. 那个年青人很快下了火车。 i live in a village a little way off the main road. 我住在离大路不远的一个村庄里。 on 在...之上。 my book is on the table. 我的书在桌子上。 out of 从...出来，在...之外。 the dog run out of the house. 狗从房子里跑出来。 outside ... 外边. they are waiting outside the gate. 他们在门外等着。 over 在...之上，遍于...之上，越过...。 there is a light over the desk. 桌子上方有盏灯。 he is over sixty years old. 他有六十多岁。 past 越过...，过...，超越...。 the students walked past the post office. 学生们走过了邮局。 it is ten past two. 现在是两点十分。 round 围着...，绕过...，在...周围。 we sat round the table. 我们围着桌子坐下。 the earth goes round the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。 since 自... 以后，自...以来。 he has made great progress in english since he came into the college. 从他来到大学后，他的英语有了很大进步。 through 经过...，穿过...。 they went through the forest. 他们穿过了森林。 throughout 遍及...，在各处。 the police searched for the criminal throughout the mountain. 警察搜山寻找犯人。 till 直到...，在...以前。 he didn't come back till eleven o'clock. 他直到十一点钟才回来。 we'll be home till six. 六点以前我们都会在家。 to 到...，向...，趋于。 how long is it from here to the station？ 从这儿到车站有多远？ under 在...之下，低于。 there are some footballs under the bed. 床底下有几颗足球。 these students are under seventeen years old. 这些学生们不到十七岁。 until 直到，在...以前， please wait for us until we come back. 请等着我们回来。 it was not until last week that i handed in mathematics paper. 直到上周，我才交了数学论文。 up 在...上面，在...上。 he went up the stairs. 他上了楼梯。 upon 在...之上，迫近...。 it's not polite to look down upon him. 蔑视他是不礼貌的。 within 在...之内。 you must finish the work within two weeks. 你必须两周内完成这项工作。 without 没有，不，在...之外。 we can't do it better without your help. 没有你的帮助，我们就做不好。 we couldn't live without air and water. 没有空气和水，我们就不可能生存。
【冲击XX年中考英语精品复习资料】语法基础-4 非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。 climbing mountain is a good exercise. (climbing..., 动名词起名词作用） 爬山是一项好运动。 do you know the man wearing a white shirt. （wearing ... 分词起形容词作用） 你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗？ he gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用） 他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。 谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别： 3) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 miss mary teaches us english. 玛丽教我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语） mr.victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. 维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。 （to have a talk.... 不定式作状语） 4) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。 （动词用单数第三人称形式） larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。（do 用原形） 非谓语动词的特征： 3 如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。 studying english is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。（studying 后跟宾语） to help him is my duty. 帮助他是我的责任。（help 后跟宾语） 4 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。 working under such a condition is terrible. 在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。 (under such a condition 是 working 的状语） it's too difficult for him to master english in such a short time. 他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。 （for him 作不定式的逻辑主语） 5 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。 i am sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起让你久等了。 （to have kept...是不定式的完成形式） seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。 （seen from...是分词的被动形式） 6 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。 our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。（coming 起名词作用） there are two big swimming pools here. 这儿有两个大型游泳池。 (swimming 起形容词作用） 非谓语动词的形式变化： 不 定 式 主 动 被 动 一 般 to write to be written 进 行 to be writing / 完 成 to have written to have been written 完成进行 to have been writing / 现在分词 主 动 被 动 一 般 writing being written 完 成 having written having been written 过去分词 一般 written 动 名 词 主 动 被 动 一 般 writing being written 完 成 having written having been written 分 词 分词是由动词 +ing 或 动词 + ed 构成，它在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可以作定语，表语，状语。 working worked washing washed 分词可分为现在分词和过去分词两种，现在分词的形式同动名词一样，在动词后面加 ing 。 而过去分词的形式则在动词后面加 ed. 分词在句中可作定语，状语或表语。 分词作定语 china is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。 that's an interesting story. 这是一个有趣的故事。 the girl singing for us is ten years old. 给我们唱歌的女孩十岁了。 作定语的分词要放在被修饰的名词之前，如果是分词词组则放在被修饰的名词之后， 如被修饰的名词是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等，分词放在被修饰名词的后面。 the working people have played a great role in the activity. 工人在这次活动中起主要作用。 the boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately. 被汽车撞伤的小孩马上被送到了医院。 there is nothing interesting. 没什么有趣的事。 分词和动名词都可以作定语，判断是分词还是动名词，可以根据它们和被修饰词有无逻辑上的主谓关系来判断， 有主谓关系的是分词， 否则判断为动名词。 a swimming girl 游泳的女孩。（分词） a swimming pool 游泳的池子 （动名词） 分词作状语 being a student, he likes to help others. 作为一个学生，他喜欢帮助别人。 wearing a new pair of glasses, she can read easily. 戴了一副新眼镜，她看书就好多了。 she is there waiting for us. 她在那儿等我们呢。 told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong. 经老师一说，她知道自己不对。 分词作表语 the story is interesting . 故事有趣。 we are interested in computer. 我们对计算机感兴趣。 the glass is broken. 玻璃杯破了。 the water is boiled. 水是开的。 分词作宾语补足语 可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。 i saw him walking in the street. 我看见他在街上走。 i heard them singing in the classroom. 我听见他们在教室里唱歌。 we found the boy sleeping. 我们发现小孩睡着了。 have 后面的宾语补足语用过去分词常表示动作不是句子的主语发出的，而是由别人做的。 i have my hair cut. 我理发了。（是别人给我理发） she has her bike repaired. 她把自行车修理了。（别人修理的） they have their house rebuilt. 他们重修了房子。 分词的否定形式。not + 分词 not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait. 不知道下一步干什么，她停下来等着。 not having finished the homework, the little girl doesn't dare to go to school. 小女孩没完成作业不敢去学校。 分词的时态 分词的一般时表示动作同谓语动词的动作同时发生或之前发生。 seeing the teacher is coming, the students stopped playing. 看到老师进来，学生们停下来不玩了。 coming into the room, he lied on his bed. 回到家后，他就躺在床上。 分词的完成时表示的动作在谓语动词的前面发生。 having received a latter, i knew everything is all right. 收到一封信后，我知道一切都很好。 having had my supper, i went out for a walk. 晚饭后，我出去散步了。 having known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky. 他知道自己比赛获胜，高兴地把帽子扔上了天。 分词的被动形式 分词的被动形式表示分词动作同所修饰的名词有一种被动关系。 the entertainment building being built will be completed next year. 正在建设的娱乐大楼明年完工。
【冲击XX年中考英语精品复习资料】语法基础-2冠词是一种虚词,用在名词或名词词组的前面,表示名词是特指还是泛指。冠词可分为不定冠词和定冠词两种形式。 不定冠词有 a, an。 定冠词有 the. 其中, a 用在发音以辅音开头的名词之前, 而 an 则 用在 发音以元音开头的名词之前。不定冠词的用法: 1) 表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个,经常用在第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍作用，表示一个。 i gave him a book yesterday. 我昨天给了他一本书。 i am reading an interesting story . 我在读一本有趣的故事书。 i have got a ticket. 我有一张票。 there is a tree in front of my house. 我的屋前有一棵树。 2) 表示人或事物的某一种类, 强调整体, 即以其中的一个代表一类。 a horse is useful to mankind. 马对人类有用。 a bird can fly. 鸟会飞。 a steel worker makes steel. 炼钢工人炼钢。 3) 不定冠词用在事物的"单位"前,如时间, 速度, 价格等意义的名词之前,表示 "每一"。 we often go to school two times a day. 我们常常一天两次去学校。 i went to the library once a week at least. 我一星期至少去一次图书馆。 the potato is sold at about 30 fen a jin. 土豆卖三毛钱一斤。 4) 不定冠词用来指某人某物,但不具体说明任何人或任何物。 a boy came to see you a moment ago. 刚才有一个小孩来找你。 i got this tool in a shop. 我在商店买的这件工具。 we need a car now. 我们现在需要一辆车。 she is ill, she has to see a doctor. 她病了，她得去看病。 5) 不定冠词用于某些词组。 a few 几个 a little 有点 she has a few friends in this city. 她在这个城市中有几个朋友。 there is a little milk in the bottle. 瓶子里有点牛奶。 only a few students are in the classroom. 只有几个学生在教室里。 定冠词的用法。 1) 定冠词特指某(些)人或某(些)事物, 以区别于同类中其他的人或事物。 the bag in the desk is mine. 桌子里的书包是我的。 is this the book you are looking for? 这是你要找的书吗? do you know the man in back? 你知道穿黑色衣服的人是谁吗？ it is not the car we are looking for. 这不是我们要找的车。 the man has found his child. 那个人找到了他的孩子。 2) 定冠词用来指上文中已提到过的人或事物。 i bought a book from xinhua book-shop. the book costs 15 yuan. 我从新华书店买了一本书. 这本书值十五元。 i saw a film yesterday.the film was ended at eight o'clock. 我昨天看了一场电影。电影八点钟结束的。 lucy bought a radio yesterday, but she found something was wrong with the radio. 露西昨天买了一台收音机，但是她发现收音机有问题。 3) 定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物或用于自然界现象或方位名词之前。 the sun the moon the earth the sky the world the winter night the sun is bigger than the moon. 太阳比月亮大。 i can see a bird in the sky. 我能看到天空中有一只小鸟。 i like to have a walk with the bright moon light in the evening. 我愿晚上在明亮的月光下散步。 4) 定冠词与单数名词连用,表示这一类人或物。 the dog is not too danger. 狗不太危险。 the cat is an animal. 猫是一种动物。 the umbrella in the shop is very cheap in this season. 这个季节商店里的雨伞很便宜。 5) 定冠词与某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化, 表示某一类人。 the poor, the rich, the wounded, the sick, the deaf. the wounded were brought to the hospital. 受伤者被送到了医院。 he always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。 the deaf can go to this special school. 耳聋者可以进这所特殊学校上学。 6) 用在序数词, 形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前。 this is the biggest city in china i have ever visited. 这是我在中国参观的最大的城市。 i saw a plane coming from the east. 我看见一架飞机从东方飞来。 he is the last one to help me. 他不会来帮助我的。 7) 定冠词用在演奏乐器的名称和文艺活动,运动场所的名称前。 the little girl likes to play the violin. 小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。 they are going to the cinema tonight. 他们今晚要去影院看电影。 the theater was on fire last week. 剧院昨天着火了。 8) 定冠词用在报刊,杂志的名称的名词之前。 i am reading the china daily now. 我现在正读中国日报。 have you got the evening paper yet? 你拿到晚报了吗? the times is a foreign newspaper. 泰晤士报是一家外国报纸。 the peking review is on the desk. 北京周报在桌子上放着。 9) 定冠词用在江河,海洋,山脉,群岛的名称之前。 we live near the yellow river. 我们住在黄河边上。 the changjiang river is the biggest one in china. 长江是中国最大的河。 the himalayas is located in tibet. 喜马拉雅山位于西藏。 10) 定冠词用在姓名复数之前,表示一家人。 the greens is very kind to us. 格林一家人待我们很好。 the whites like the classic music. 怀特一家喜欢古典音乐。 不用冠词的场合。 1) 专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词之前一般不用冠词。 china is a largest country in the world. 中国是世界上最大的国家。 i think water is a kind of food, too. 我认为水也是一种食物。 cotton feels soft. 棉花摸起来柔软。 2) 表示日常餐食名词之前不用冠词,但如果指具体的饮食时用定冠词 the。 it's time for breakfast. 该吃早饭了。 what do you have for lunch? 你午饭吃点什么? the dinner i had at that restaurant was expensive. 我在那家饭店吃的饭很贵。 3) 在季节,月份,星期,节日。球类运动,棋类游戏的名词之前不用冠词。 summer is hot and winter is cold here. 这儿夏天热冬天冷。 new year's day is coming. 新年就要到啦。 today is the first day of may. 今天是五月的第一天。 we are going to play basketball this afternoon. 今天下午我们要去打篮球。 we don't like bridge very much. 我们不太喜欢桥牌。 4)语言的名称前不用冠词。 can you speak english? 你会讲英语吗？ it's difficult to learn chinese well. 要学好中文很难。 tom knows english but he doesn't know french. 汤姆懂英语但不懂法语。 5) 某些固定词组不用冠词。 by air, on foot, at night, after school, at home, go to class, in fact, from morning till night. i'm going to chicago by air next week. 下周我要乘飞机去芝加哥。 i go to school on foot . 我步行去学校上学。 in fact, i don't know him at all. 实际上，我一点也不认识他。 he is at home today. 他今天在家。
【冲击XX年中考英语精品复习资料】语法基础-3副 词 的 定 义: 副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。 副 词 的 分 类: 1) 时间和频度副词: now,then,often,always,usually,early,today, lately, next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday. 2) 地点副词: here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on. 3) 方式副词: carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly 4) 程度副词: much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly. 5) 疑问副词: how, when, where, why. 6) 关系副词: when, where, why. 7) 连接副词: how, when, where, why, whether. 副 词 的 用 法: 副词在句中可作状语,表语,短语。 he works hard. 他工作努力。 you speak english quite well. 你英语讲的很好。 is she in ? 她在家吗? let's be out. 让我们出去吧。 food here is hard to get. 这儿很难弄到食物。 副 词 的 位 置: 1) 多数副词都可以放在动词的后面,如果动词带有宾语,副词就放在宾语后面。 i get up early in the morning everyday. 我每天早早起床。 he gave me a gift yesterday. 他昨天给了我一件礼物。 she didn't drink water enough. 她没喝够水。 the train goes fast. 火车跑得快。 we can go to this school freely. 我们可以免费到这家学校学习。 they left a life hardly then. 当时他们的生活很艰难。 he has a new cat on today. 他今天戴了一顶新帽子。 i have seen this film twice with my friends. 这部电影我和朋友看过两次。 2) 副词修饰形容词,副词时,副词在前面,而被修饰的词在后面。 it's rather easy, i can do it. 这很容易,我能做到。 he did it quite well. 他做得相当好。 it's rather difficult to tell who is right. 很难说谁是对的。 it's so important that i must tell my friends. 这件事太重要了，我得告诉我的朋友。 it's much better. 好多了。 3) 频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面。 i often help him these days. 这些日子我经常帮助他。 i always remember the day when i first came to this school. 我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。 you mustn't always help me. 你不能老是帮助我。 he seldom comes to see us. 他很少来看我们。 we usually go shopping once a week. 我们通常一周买一次东西。 the new students don't always go to dance. 新学生并不时常去跳舞。 4) 疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。 when do you study everyday? 你每天什么时间学习? can you tell me how you did it? 你能告诉我你如何做的吗? first, let me ask you some questions. 先让我来问几个问题。 how much does this bike cost? 这辆车子多少钱？ either you go or he comes. 不是你去就是他来。 the students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 当老师进教室时，学生们正在读书。 5) 时间副词和地点副词在一个句中, 地点副词在前面时间副词在后面。 we went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday. 昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了. what were you doing in the classroom yesterday evening? 昨天下午你在教室里干什么？ the accident took place one hour ago in the eleven avenue. 一小时前十一号大街发生了一场事故。 副 词 的 比 较 等 级: 副词和形容词一样,也有它的比较级和最高级形式. 可以参考形容词的变换形式。但以词尾 -ly 结尾的副词（除 early ）须用 more 和 most 。 hard harder hardest fast faster fastest early earlier earliest much more most warmly more warmly most warmly 单音节副词的比较级是在副词后面加上 -er 构成的，最高级是在副词后面加上 -est 构成的。 near nearer nearest hard harder hardest 多音节副词的比较级是在副词的前面加上 -more 构成的。 最高级是在副词前面加上 -most 构成的。 warmly more warmly most warmly successfully more successfully most successfully 有些副词的比较级和最高级形式是不规则的。 well-better - best little - less - least much- more - most badly - worse - worst far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest) 副词的比较级和最高级用法同形容词的比较级用法基本一样。 最高级形式句中 the 可以省略。 he works harder than i. 他比我工作努力。 lucy gets up earlier than lili. 露西比丽丽起床早。 he runs fastest in our class. 他在我们班跑地最快。 he dives deeper than his teammates. 他比他的队员潜水深。 it's true that he speak english more fluently than any of us. 他英语讲的确实比我们任何人都好。 our school team play football best in our region. 我们校队在我们地区足球踢得最好的。
【冲击XX年中考英语精品复习资料】语法基础-1 介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作主语, 状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。例如: most of the students went to the classroom. 大部分学生去了教室。 we play basketball on the sports ground. 我们在操场上打蓝球。 介词常与动词,形容词,名词一起构成固定搭配。 belong to 属于 rely on 依靠 talk to 同...谈话 be afraid of 害怕 be strict with对...严格 介词一般放在名词之前。但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词,疑问副词或者关系代词时，这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。 where do you come from? 你是哪儿人? who are you talking to? 你在跟谁谈话呢? what do you study for? 你为了什么而学习? 介词在英语词汇中所占比例很小，但它们的用法却非常灵活,复杂。下列为常用介词及含义: about 关于,附近,大约,周围,随身. i have bought a book about shakespearean. 我买了一本有关莎士比亚的书。 there are about fifteen trees in the picture. 图片里大约有十五棵树。 above 在....上,高出,以上,超过,在...上游. the plane is flying above the clouds. 飞机在云上飞行。 i think the man is above sixty years old. 我想那人有六十多岁了。 across 横过,对面,交叉,在...的对面. can you swim across the river？ 你能游过河吗？ we live across the street. 我们住在街的对面。 after 在...后面,依照. he went home after school. 他放学后就回家了。 read after me, please. 请跟我朗读。 against 撞到，靠着,反对,违背, the car hit against the tree. 汽车撞了树。 he is standing against the wall. 他靠墙站着。 along 沿着,顺着. they are walking along the river. 他们沿着河行走。 among 在...当中. he is the tallest among them. 他是他们当中个子最高的。 around 在...的周围,在...那一边. they sat around the table talking the news. 他们绕桌而坐谈论新闻。 there is a drugstore around the corner. 拐角处有一家药店。 as 作为. he doesn't like people treat him as a child. 他不喜欢人们把他当小孩子对待。 at 在...时刻,在...点钟,在...岁时, 向，在...之中，按...速度,值(卖)...钱, he always gets up at six in the morning. 他时常早上六点钟起床。 he shot at the bird but missed it. 他向鸟射击，但是没射中。 the car goes at eighty miles an hour. 汽车以每小时八十公里的速度行驶。 before 在...的前面(位置),在...之前(时间) e took a picture before the car. 他在汽车前照了张照片。 he can't finish his work before supper. 晚饭前他完不成工作。 behind 在...的后面(位置), 落后于，不如， 迟于,晚于(时间) are there any brooms behind the door. 门后有扫帚吗？ all of us are behind him in mathematics. 我们数学都不如他。 below 在...之下,低于, there are four lights below the ceiling. 天花板下面有四盏灯。 the murderer run away below the police's eyes. 杀人犯从警察眼皮底下跑了。 beside 在...的旁边,在...之外,与...相比. he found the body by the river. 他在河边发现了尸体。 beside yours， my computer is too slow. 与你的计算机速度相比，我的就慢多了。 besides 除...之外, we are all here besides bowe. 除鲍外，我们也都来了。 between 在...两者之间, the relations between the two countries has improved since then. 两国的关系从那以后得到了改善。 beyond 在...那边, the shop you are looking for is beyond the street, you can't miss it. 你要找的商店在街的那边，你不会找不到的。 but 除去. he has nothing but money. 他除钱以外什么都没有。 by 被..., 在...的近旁 , 在...之前, 不迟于, 以...为手段。 the classroom was cleaned by the students. 教室由学生们打扫干净了。 miss lucy came to china by air. 露西小姐是乘飞机来中国的。 down 沿着...望下。 she walked down the street. 她沿着街道走。 during 在...期间,在...时候。 during the holiday, we went to the south. 我们假期去了南方。 except 除...之外。 he knows nothing except english. 他除英语以外什么都不知道。 for 为..., 因为..., 至于... 。 he works for this company. 他为这家公司工作。 she came back to the classroom for she had left her books in the classroom. 她返回到教室是因为把书留在了那里。 ? from 从..., 来自..., 因为...。 where are you from? 你是哪里人？ he died from an accident. 他死于一场事故。 in 在..., 在...之内，从事于..., 按照..., 穿着...。 he was born in 1992. 他生于1992年。 i could finish the program in two weeks. 我可以用两周时间完成这个项目。 he spend less time in reading. 他读书时间很少。 the man in black jacket is our teacher. 穿黑夹克的那个人是我们的老师。 like 象...，如同...。 the twins are like their father. 双胞胎象他们的父亲。 near 靠近....。 there are some flowers near the house. 房子附近有一些花。 of ...的，属于...。 this is a map of china. 这是一张中国地图。 off 离开...，在...之外。 the young man got off the train quickly. 那个年青人很快下了火车。 i live in a village a little way off the main road. 我住在离大路不远的一个村庄里。 on 在...之上。 my book is on the table. 我的书在桌子上。 out of 从...出来，在...之外。 the dog run out of the house. 狗从房子里跑出来。 outside ... 外边. they are waiting outside the gate. 他们在门外等着。 over 在...之上，遍于...之上，越过...。 there is a light over the desk. 桌子上方有盏灯。 he is over sixty years old. 他有六十多岁。 past 越过...，过...，超越...。 the students walked past the post office. 学生们走过了邮局。 it is ten past two. 现在是两点十分。 round 围着...，绕过...，在...周围。 we sat round the table. 我们围着桌子坐下。 the earth goes round the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。 since 自... 以后，自...以来。 he has made great progress in english since he came into the college. 从他来到大学后，他的英语有了很大进步。 through 经过...，穿过...。 they went through the forest. 他们穿过了森林。 throughout 遍及...，在各处。 the police searched for the criminal throughout the mountain. 警察搜山寻找犯人。 till 直到...，在...以前。 he didn't come back till eleven o'clock. 他直到十一点钟才回来。 we'll be home till six. 六点以前我们都会在家。 to 到...，向...，趋于。 how long is it from here to the station？ 从这儿到车站有多远？ under 在...之下，低于。 there are some footballs under the bed. 床底下有几颗足球。 these students are under seventeen years old. 这些学生们不到十七岁。 until 直到，在...以前， please wait for us until we come back. 请等着我们回来。 it was not until last week that i handed in mathematics paper. 直到上周，我才交了数学论文。 up 在...上面，在...上。 he went up the stairs. 他上了楼梯。 upon 在...之上，迫近...。 it's not polite to look down upon him. 蔑视他是不礼貌的。 within 在...之内。 you must finish the work within two weeks. 你必须两周内完成这项工作。 without 没有，不，在...之外。 we can't do it better without your help. 没有你的帮助，我们就做不好。 we couldn't live without air and water. 没有空气和水，我们就不可能生存。
【冲击XX年中考英语精品复习资料】语法基础-8动词不定式是一种非谓语动词的形式 非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。 climbing mountain is a good exercise. (climbing..., 动名词起名词作用） 爬山是一项好运动。 do you know the man wearing a white shirt. （wearing ... 分词起形容词作用） 你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗？ he gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用） 他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。 谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别： 1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 miss mary teaches us english. 玛丽教我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语） mr.victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. 维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。 （to have a talk.... 不定式作状语） 2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。 （动词用单数第三人称形式） larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。（do 用原形） 非谓语动词的特征： 1 如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。 studying english is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。（studying 后跟宾语） to help him is my duty. 帮助他是我的责任。（help 后跟宾语） 2 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。 working under such a condition is terrible. 在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的状语） it's too difficult for him to master english in such a short time. 他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。（for him 作不定式的逻辑主语） 3 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。 i am sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起让你久等了。（to have kept...是不定式的完成形式） seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。（seen from...是分词的被动形式） 4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。 our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。（coming 起名词作用） there are two big swimming pools here. 这儿有两个大型游泳池。(swimming 起形容词作用） 非谓语动词的形式变化： 不 定 式 主 动 被 动 一般 to write to be written 进行 to be writing / 完成 to have written to have been written 完成进行 to have been writing / 现 在 分 词 主 动 被 动 一般 writing being written 完成 having written having been written 过 去 分 词 一般 written 动 名 词 主 动 被 动 一 般 writing being written 完 成 having written having been written 动 词 不 定 式： 动词不定式是由 to + 动词原形构成，在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。 1 动词不定式作主语： to mast a language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情。 to teach english is my favorite. 教英语是我的爱好。 it's my pleasure to help you. 很乐意帮助你。 动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面，而用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。 it's very kind of you to have given us much help. 你给了我们那么多的帮助真是太好了。 it's necessary to find the witness. 有必要找到目击者。 2 动词不定式作宾语： 某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语，这些动词有decide, begin, help, begin, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask. what i wish is to learn english well. 我所希望的是把英语学好。 i like to help others if i can. 如果有可能的话，我喜欢帮助别人。 3 动词不定式作宾语补语 。 we expect you to be with us. 我们希望你和我们在一起。 please ask him to come here quickly. 请叫他快过来。 4 动词不定式作表语 ： what i should do is to finish the task soon. 我应该做的是赶快完成任务。 the most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately. 当务之急是马上去找孩子。 5 动词不定式作定语： there are many ways to solve the problem. 有许多方法能解决这个问题。 i have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事情要告诉你。 6 不定式作状语： we went to the hospital to see our teacher. 我们去医院看了我们的老师。 she is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a tibet flower. 她在做试验，从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物。 动词不定式的否定形式： not + to + 动词原形 the teacher told us not to swim in that river. 老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。 it's unfair not to tell us. 没告诉我们真是不公平。 带疑问词的不定式： 疑问词who, what,which,when, where, how, why 可以加在不定式的前面，构成不定式短语，使含义更加具体。 where to go is not known yet. 去什么地方还不知道。 i don't know when to begin. 我不知道什么时间开始。 can you tell me where to get the battery. 你能告诉我哪儿能买到电池吗？ do you know how to get to the station. 你知道怎样去车站吗？ 带逻辑主语的不定式： 动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成方法是： for + 逻辑主语 + 不定式。 注意：逻辑主语用宾格形式， for 本身无实际意义，它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。 it's necessary for us to help each other. 我们互相帮忙是必要的。 there are much work for me to finish, 有许多工作要我去完成。 动词不定式的时态： 动词不定式一般时：表示动作和句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或之后发生。 i helped him put the things into the car. 我帮助他把东西放进了汽车。 i want to see you again. 我想再见到你。 would you like to have a rest. 你愿意休息一下吗？ 动词不定式完成时： 表示动作在句中谓语动词的动作之前发生。 we are sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 对不起，我们让你久等了。 they seems to have known the answers. 他们好像知道了答案。 动词不定式进行时：表示动作同句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，强调动作正在进行。 they seem to be working hard. 他们好像在努力工作。 动词不定式的被动形式： 表示不定式动词同所修饰的名词是被动关系 。 he is the man to be examined. 他是受检查的人。 there are much work to be done. 有好多工作要做。
【冲击XX年中考英语精品复习资料】语法基础-2冠词是一种虚词,用在名词或名词词组的前面,表示名词是特指还是泛指。冠词可分为不定冠词和定冠词两种形式。 不定冠词有 a, an。 定冠词有 the. 其中, a 用在发音以辅音开头的名词之前, 而 an 则 用在 发音以元音开头的名词之前。不定冠词的用法: 1) 表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个,经常用在第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍作用，表示一个。 i gave him a book yesterday. 我昨天给了他一本书。 i am reading an interesting story . 我在读一本有趣的故事书。 i have got a ticket. 我有一张票。 there is a tree in front of my house. 我的屋前有一棵树。 2) 表示人或事物的某一种类, 强调整体, 即以其中的一个代表一类。 a horse is useful to mankind. 马对人类有用。 a bird can fly. 鸟会飞。 a steel worker makes steel. 炼钢工人炼钢。 3) 不定冠词用在事物的"单位"前,如时间, 速度, 价格等意义的名词之前,表示 "每一"。 we often go to school two times a day. 我们常常一天两次去学校。 i went to the library once a week at least. 我一星期至少去一次图书馆。 the potato is sold at about 30 fen a jin. 土豆卖三毛钱一斤。 4) 不定冠词用来指某人某物,但不具体说明任何人或任何物。 a boy came to see you a moment ago. 刚才有一个小孩来找你。 i got this tool in a shop. 我在商店买的这件工具。 we need a car now. 我们现在需要一辆车。 she is ill, she has to see a doctor. 她病了，她得去看病。 5) 不定冠词用于某些词组。 a few 几个 a little 有点 she has a few friends in this city. 她在这个城市中有几个朋友。 there is a little milk in the bottle. 瓶子里有点牛奶。 only a few students are in the classroom. 只有几个学生在教室里。 定冠词的用法。 1) 定冠词特指某(些)人或某(些)事物, 以区别于同类中其他的人或事物。 the bag in the desk is mine. 桌子里的书包是我的。 is this the book you are looking for? 这是你要找的书吗? do you know the man in back? 你知道穿黑色衣服的人是谁吗？ it is not the car we are looking for. 这不是我们要找的车。 the man has found his child. 那个人找到了他的孩子。 2) 定冠词用来指上文中已提到过的人或事物。 i bought a book from xinhua book-shop. the book costs 15 yuan. 我从新华书店买了一本书. 这本书值十五元。 i saw a film yesterday.the film was ended at eight o'clock. 我昨天看了一场电影。电影八点钟结束的。 lucy bought a radio yesterday, but she found something was wrong with the radio. 露西昨天买了一台收音机，但是她发现收音机有问题。 3) 定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物或用于自然界现象或方位名词之前。 the sun the moon the earth the sky the world the winter night the sun is bigger than the moon. 太阳比月亮大。 i can see a bird in the sky. 我能看到天空中有一只小鸟。 i like to have a walk with the bright moon light in the evening. 我愿晚上在明亮的月光下散步。 4) 定冠词与单数名词连用,表示这一类人或物。 the dog is not too danger. 狗不太危险。 the cat is an animal. 猫是一种动物。 the umbrella in the shop is very cheap in this season. 这个季节商店里的雨伞很便宜。 5) 定冠词与某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化, 表示某一类人。 the poor, the rich, the wounded, the sick, the deaf. the wounded were brought to the hospital. 受伤者被送到了医院。 he always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。 the deaf can go to this special school. 耳聋者可以进这所特殊学校上学。 6) 用在序数词, 形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前。 this is the biggest city in china i have ever visited. 这是我在中国参观的最大的城市。 i saw a plane coming from the east. 我看见一架飞机从东方飞来。 he is the last one to help me. 他不会来帮助我的。 7) 定冠词用在演奏乐器的名称和文艺活动,运动场所的名称前。 the little girl likes to play the violin. 小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。 they are going to the cinema tonight. 他们今晚要去影院看电影。 the theater was on fire last week. 剧院昨天着火了。 8) 定冠词用在报刊,杂志的名称的名词之前。 i am reading the china daily now. 我现在正读中国日报。 have you got the evening paper yet? 你拿到晚报了吗? the times is a foreign newspaper. 泰晤士报是一家外国报纸。 the peking review is on the desk. 北京周报在桌子上放着。 9) 定冠词用在江河,海洋,山脉,群岛的名称之前。 we live near the yellow river. 我们住在黄河边上。 the changjiang river is the biggest one in china. 长江是中国最大的河。 the himalayas is located in tibet. 喜马拉雅山位于西藏。 10) 定冠词用在姓名复数之前,表示一家人。 the greens is very kind to us. 格林一家人待我们很好。 the whites like the classic music. 怀特一家喜欢古典音乐。 不用冠词的场合。 1) 专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词之前一般不用冠词。 china is a largest country in the world. 中国是世界上最大的国家。 i think water is a kind of food, too. 我认为水也是一种食物。 cotton feels soft. 棉花摸起来柔软。 2) 表示日常餐食名词之前不用冠词,但如果指具体的饮食时用定冠词 the。 it's time for breakfast. 该吃早饭了。 what do you have for lunch? 你午饭吃点什么? the dinner i had at that restaurant was expensive. 我在那家饭店吃的饭很贵。 3) 在季节,月份,星期,节日。球类运动,棋类游戏的名词之前不用冠词。 summer is hot and winter is cold here. 这儿夏天热冬天冷。 new year's day is coming. 新年就要到啦。 today is the first day of may. 今天是五月的第一天。 we are going to play basketball this afternoon. 今天下午我们要去打篮球。 we don't like bridge very much. 我们不太喜欢桥牌。 4)语言的名称前不用冠词。 can you speak english? 你会讲英语吗？ it's difficult to learn chinese well. 要学好中文很难。 tom knows english but he doesn't know french. 汤姆懂英语但不懂法语。 5) 某些固定词组不用冠词。 by air, on foot, at night, after school, at home, go to class, in fact, from morning till night. i'm going to chicago by air next week. 下周我要乘飞机去芝加哥。 i go to school on foot . 我步行去学校上学。 in fact, i don't know him at all. 实际上，我一点也不认识他。 he is at home today. 他今天在家。
【冲击XX年中考英语精品复习资料】语法基础-8
动词不定式是一种非谓语动词的形式
非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。
climbing mountain is a good exercise. (climbing..., 动名词起名词作用）
爬山是一项好运动。
do you know the man wearing a white shirt. （wearing ... 分词起形容词作用）
你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗？
he gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用）
他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。
谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别：
1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。
miss mary teaches us english.
玛丽教我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语）
mr.victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.
维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。 （to have a talk.... 不定式作状语）
2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。
larke likes the pop music.
拉克喜欢流行音乐。 （动词用单数第三人称形式）
larke has nothing to do today.
拉克今天没什么事要做。（do 用原形）
非谓语动词的特征：
1 如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。
studying english is my favorite.
学习英语是我的爱好。（studying 后跟宾语）
to help him is my duty.
帮助他是我的责任。（help 后跟宾语）
2 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。
working under such a condition is terrible.
在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的状语）
it's too difficult for him to master english in such a short time.
他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。（for him 作不定式的逻辑主语）
3 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。
i am sorry to have kept you waiting long.
对不起让你久等了。（to have kept...是不定式的完成形式）
seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.
从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。（seen from...是分词的被动形式）
4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。
our coming made him happy.
我们的到来使他很高兴。（coming 起名词作用）
there are two big swimming pools here.
这儿有两个大型游泳池。(swimming 起形容词作用）
非谓语动词的形式变化：
不 定 式 主 动 被 动
一般 to write to be written
进行 to be writing /
完成 to have written to have been written
完成进行 to have been writing /
现 在 分 词 主 动 被 动
一般 writing being written
完成 having written having been written
过 去 分 词 一般 written
动 名 词 主 动 被 动
一 般 writing being written
完 成 having written having been written
动 词 不 定 式：
动词不定式是由 to + 动词原形构成，在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。
1 动词不定式作主语：
to mast a language is not an easy thing.
掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情。
to teach english is my favorite.
教英语是我的爱好。
it's my pleasure to help you.
很乐意帮助你。
动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面，而用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。
it's very kind of you to have given us much help.
你给了我们那么多的帮助真是太好了。
it's necessary to find the witness.
有必要找到目击者。
2 动词不定式作宾语：
某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语，这些动词有decide, begin, help, begin, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask.
what i wish is to learn english well.
我所希望的是把英语学好。
i like to help others if i can.
如果有可能的话，我喜欢帮助别人。
3 动词不定式作宾语补语 。
we expect you to be with us.
我们希望你和我们在一起。
please ask him to come here quickly.
请叫他快过来。
4 动词不定式作表语 ：
what i should do is to finish the task soon.
我应该做的是赶快完成任务。
the most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately.
当务之急是马上去找孩子。
5 动词不定式作定语：
there are many ways to solve the problem.
有许多方法能解决这个问题。
i have something important to tell you.
我有重要的事情要告诉你。
6 不定式作状语：
we went to the hospital to see our teacher.
我们去医院看了我们的老师。
she is making a test to get a kind of useful
medicine from a tibet flower.
她在做试验，从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物。
动词不定式的否定形式：
not + to + 动词原形
the teacher told us not to swim in that river.
老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。
it's unfair not to tell us.
没告诉我们真是不公平。
带疑问词的不定式：
疑问词who, what,which,when, where, how, why 可以加在不定式的前面，构成不定式短语，使含义更加具体。
where to go is not known yet.
去什么地方还不知道。
i don't know when to begin.
我不知道什么时间开始。
can you tell me where to get the battery.
你能告诉我哪儿能买到电池吗？
do you know how to get to the station.
你知道怎样去车站吗？
带逻辑主语的不定式：
动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成方法是： for + 逻辑主语 + 不定式。
注意：逻辑主语用宾格形式， for 本身无实际意义，它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。
it's necessary for us to help each other.
我们互相帮忙是必要的。
there are much work for me to finish,
有许多工作要我去完成。
动词不定式的时态：
动词不定式一般时：表示动作和句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或之后发生。
i helped him put the things into the car.
我帮助他把东西放进了汽车。
i want to see you again.
我想再见到你。
would you like to have a rest.
你愿意休息一下吗？
动词不定式完成时： 表示动作在句中谓语动词的动作之前发生。
we are sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
对不起，我们让你久等了。
they seems to have known the answers.
他们好像知道了答案。
动词不定式进行时：表示动作同句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，强调动作正在进行。
they seem to be working hard.
他们好像在努力工作。
动词不定式的被动形式： 表示不定式动词同所修饰的名词是被动关系 。
he is the man to be examined.
他是受检查的人。
there are much work to be done.
有好多工作要做。
【冲击XX年中考英语精品复习资料】语法基础-4 非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。 climbing mountain is a good exercise. (climbing..., 动名词起名词作用） 爬山是一项好运动。 do you know the man wearing a white shirt. （wearing ... 分词起形容词作用） 你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗？ he gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用） 他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。 谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别： 3) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 miss mary teaches us english. 玛丽教我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语） mr.victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. 维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。 （to have a talk.... 不定式作状语） 4) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。 （动词用单数第三人称形式） larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。（do 用原形） 非谓语动词的特征： 3 如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。 studying english is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。（studying 后跟宾语） to help him is my duty. 帮助他是我的责任。（help 后跟宾语） 4 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。 working under such a condition is terrible. 在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。 (under such a condition 是 working 的状语） it's too difficult for him to master english in such a short time. 他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。 （for him 作不定式的逻辑主语） 5 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。 i am sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起让你久等了。 （to have kept...是不定式的完成形式） seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。 （seen from...是分词的被动形式） 6 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。 our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。（coming 起名词作用） there are two big swimming pools here. 这儿有两个大型游泳池。 (swimming 起形容词作用） 非谓语动词的形式变化： 不 定 式 主 动 被 动 一 般 to write to be written 进 行 to be writing / 完 成 to have written to have been written 完成进行 to have been writing / 现在分词 主 动 被 动 一 般 writing being written 完 成 having written having been written 过去分词 一般 written 动 名 词 主 动 被 动 一 般 writing being written 完 成 having written having been written 分 词 分词是由动词 +ing 或 动词 + ed 构成，它在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可以作定语，表语，状语。 working worked washing washed 分词可分为现在分词和过去分词两种，现在分词的形式同动名词一样，在动词后面加 ing 。 而过去分词的形式则在动词后面加 ed. 分词在句中可作定语，状语或表语。 分词作定语 china is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。 that's an interesting story. 这是一个有趣的故事。 the girl singing for us is ten years old. 给我们唱歌的女孩十岁了。 作定语的分词要放在被修饰的名词之前，如果是分词词组则放在被修饰的名词之后， 如被修饰的名词是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等，分词放在被修饰名词的后面。 the working people have played a great role in the activity. 工人在这次活动中起主要作用。 the boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately. 被汽车撞伤的小孩马上被送到了医院。 there is nothing interesting. 没什么有趣的事。 分词和动名词都可以作定语，判断是分词还是动名词，可以根据它们和被修饰词有无逻辑上的主谓关系来判断， 有主谓关系的是分词， 否则判断为动名词。 a swimming girl 游泳的女孩。（分词） a swimming pool 游泳的池子 （动名词） 分词作状语 being a student, he likes to help others. 作为一个学生，他喜欢帮助别人。 wearing a new pair of glasses, she can read easily. 戴了一副新眼镜，她看书就好多了。 she is there waiting for us. 她在那儿等我们呢。 told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong. 经老师一说，她知道自己不对。 分词作表语 the story is interesting . 故事有趣。 we are interested in computer. 我们对计算机感兴趣。 the glass is broken. 玻璃杯破了。 the water is boiled. 水是开的。 分词作宾语补足语 可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。 i saw him walking in the street. 我看见他在街上走。 i heard them singing in the classroom. 我听见他们在教室里唱歌。 we found the boy sleeping. 我们发现小孩睡着了。 have 后面的宾语补足语用过去分词常表示动作不是句子的主语发出的，而是由别人做的。 i have my hair cut. 我理发了。（是别人给我理发） she has her bike repaired. 她把自行车修理了。（别人修理的） they have their house rebuilt. 他们重修了房子。 分词的否定形式。not + 分词 not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait. 不知道下一步干什么，她停下来等着。 not having finished the homework, the little girl doesn't dare to go to school. 小女孩没完成作业不敢去学校。 分词的时态 分词的一般时表示动作同谓语动词的动作同时发生或之前发生。 seeing the teacher is coming, the students stopped playing. 看到老师进来，学生们停下来不玩了。 coming into the room, he lied on his bed. 回到家后，他就躺在床上。 分词的完成时表示的动作在谓语动词的前面发生。 having received a latter, i knew everything is all right. 收到一封信后，我知道一切都很好。 having had my supper, i went out for a walk. 晚饭后，我出去散步了。 having known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky. 他知道自己比赛获胜，高兴地把帽子扔上了天。 分词的被动形式 分词的被动形式表示分词动作同所修饰的名词有一种被动关系。 the entertainment building being built will be completed next year. 正在建设的娱乐大楼明年完工。
