非谓语动词（精选12篇）
在英语里是一项重要的语言表现形式,它与汉语动词的使用方法习惯很不一样,是不少中国学生容易混淆出错的知识能力要点。
非谓语动词有四个特出的特点：
一,它不能当谓语,因此在同一句子中一定还会另有谓语动词。象“i running in the morning every day.he named liping." 就是没有谓语动词的错误的句子。
二,非谓语动词和谓语动词都表示动作,但两者的性质,地位不同。这是中国学生最不容易理解的地方。对句子往深层次分析,我们就应该领悟到这一点：与谓语动词的动作对比,非谓语动词的地位是次要的,从属性质的：(1)此动作有时已不是具体的动作,而是概括抽象的一件事,相当于一个名词了；(2)此动作有时即使是具体的动作,但却是从属性的,次要的动作：比如表示原因,条件,时间,目的,临时性的不稳定的伴随动作状态等。在汉语中,不使用连词也可以在一个句子中连用用几个动词；但在英语中,一个句子只能用一个谓语动词,除了用and 连接的两动词外,其它的两个动词一定要分清主次,从属等内在逻辑关系。表示原因,条件,目的,时间,临时性的不稳定的伴随动作等动词必须用非谓语或从句来表示。句子的重心应用作主句谓语动词,句子的次要,伴随,补充的说明部分必须用非谓语或有连词引导的从句。下面列举一些例句对比说明：
1."为了健康,他天天喝牛奶。为了健康"是目的,是次要动作,“喝牛奶”才是唯一的谓语动词；to be more healthy, he drinks milk every day.
2."喝牛奶对他有好处,他爱喝牛奶"这两处的“喝牛奶”明显地不是具体的"喝",而是概括抽象的一件事。“喝牛奶”在此处就近似地相当于名词“牛奶”.应用"drinking milk"动名词来表示。
3,“我喝牛奶肚子痛。”“喝牛奶”在此处虽然是具体动作,但它和"肚子痛"有内在逻辑关系,它表示的是原因,是从属地位,“肚子痛”才是主要的谓语动词。可以用"having drunk some milk, i have some trouble with my stomach."来表示。
也可以用从句“since i have drunk some milk,i have some trouble with my stomach." 4,“喝牛奶,人健康”,“喝牛奶”与“健康”有逻辑联系,它显然是条件,可以用"drinking milk every day, one will get more healthy"来表示。
5,“我喝牛奶呛着了。”“喝牛奶”和“呛着”也有逻辑联系,它表示时间,可以用“drinking milk, i choked."来表示。
6,“他坐在那里喝牛奶.”“坐”是稳定的长背景动作,应做谓语动词,而“喝牛奶”却是变动不稳定的的伴随动作,是补充说明,可用非谓语动词：“he sat there,drinking some milk."
综上所述,同是“喝牛奶”,但各句子中“喝牛奶”的动作含义和句子地位各不相同。此“喝牛奶”非彼“喝牛奶”。
除了可以当状语,非谓语动词还可以当定语和补语。例如：
7,"the girl standing there was crying."standing 就是the girl 的定语。
8,"i found him running in the street." running 就是 found 的宾补。
非谓语动词还可以当表语。当表语的现在分词和过去分词都相当于形容词,表示特征,状态或人的情绪,情感；当表语的动名词相当于名词,表示一件事情或现象。例如：
9,the book is tiring , while the film is exciting.
10.the excited audiences were moved at the exciting play.
11.her job is raising pigs ,she finds that living is working.
三,非谓语动词前不需要形式主语和连词。 1,除了独立主格结构外,非谓语动词都没有形式主语出现在它的前面,如出现了多余的主语那反而是错的句子。但主语不出现不等于没有主谓关系。非谓语动词肯定与主句的主语存在着隐含的逻辑主谓关系,如找不出这种关系那一般都是错误的句子。如“从山上看下去,我们的城市很美丽。”主句的主语“城市”不会“看”,不存在逻辑主谓关系,只存在动宾关系。因此不能用“seeing",而只能用"seen from the mountain , ..." 被动的形式来表示。或用独立主格：“anybody seeing it from the mountain ,the city looks very beautiful."又比如“听到这个消息,她的眼泪流出来了。”“眼泪”不会“听”,不存在逻辑主谓关系,因此不能象中文一样直译：hearing the news,her tears came along her check.应该说：hearing the news ,she had tears coming along her check.
2,非谓语动词不需要because,as,if,when,while 等连词,但它却已经含有连词的意思。象 because not having prepared my lesson,i can't answer the question.就是错的,应删去because。
反之,如不用非谓语而用从句,那表示原因,条件,时间,伴随,目的的从句前又必须有连词。而中文却是可以省连词的,如上文的“喝牛奶肚子痛”“喝牛奶,人健康。”“喝牛奶呛着了”都可以加用连词也可以不用连词。因此中国学生往往把表示原因,条件,时间,伴随的从句不用连词,不用句号,却要与主句并列在一起,出现“少连词混淆主次”的错误,如：i am poor, i can't buy the house. "i am poor"显然与后面的句子有逻辑因果关系,应加连词since或变成“being poor,i can't buy the the house.
有时中国学生又会犯两个分句都用连词的错误,如：“因为我病了,所以今天我不能上学”译成：because i am ill, so i can't go to school today.在英语中有连词的句子都是次要,从属地位的从句,如两个分句象中文一样都用连词,那就没有表示句子主要意思的主句了。这便是“多连词导致无主句”错误。同理,如非谓语动词短语后的句子用连词,也等于犯了“无主句”的错误。
四,非谓语动词具有谓语动词的有宾语,有状语等特征。
1,及物的非谓语动词后要带宾语,是双宾动词还要带两个宾语,象上面的句子如用"anybody seeing from the mountain, ........"就是不好的句子,因为及物非谓语动词seeing没有带宾语。
2,不及物的非谓语动词后当然不会有宾语。
3,过去分词后不能出现宾语,因主句的主语就是它的逻辑宾语。象"heated the water ,it will turn into stream."就是错的,the water 应删去。
当然,带双宾的非谓语动词后还需带一个宾语：“told the students many times, the importance is paid attention to."
以上知识能力要点都是要靠理解,领悟,不是靠死记硬背的。下面让我们做一点练习来加深理解。注意两动作的主次逻辑关系,注意“无形式主语”“无连词”“不能多用连词 ”等非谓语动词特点。
用非谓语动词翻译下列句子：
1. 我钱不够,不能买这房子。
a.my money is short , i can't buy the house.
b. i'm short of money , i can't buy the house.
c. being short of money , i can't buy the house.
d.short of money , i can't buy the house.
2,我比你强,我会跑得比你快。
a.i'm stronger than you,i can run faster than you.
b.i being stronger than you,i can run faster than you.
c.being stronger than you,i can run faster than you.
d.you being weaker than i, so i can run faster than you.
3,你见到他就叫他到这来吧。
a. if you see him ,ask him come here please.
b.if you see him and ask him to come here please.
c.you seeing him ,ask him to come here please.
d.seeing him , you ask him to come here please
4,有空你来帮帮我吧。
a.you have time and you come to help me.
b.you have time you come to help me.
c.if you have time and you come to help me please.
d. having time , you should come to help me.
5,你觉得不舒服就别去游泳了。
a.you don't feel well, you'd better not go to swim.
b.because you don't feel well, you'd better not go to swim.
c.you not feeling well, you'd better not go to swim.
d.not feeling well, you'd better not go to swim.
6,吃太多的肉,你会变胖的。
a.if you have too much meat, and you'll get fatter.
b. you have too much meat, and you'll get fatter.
c.you have too much meat, you'll get fatter.
d. having too much meat, you'll get fatter.
7,昨天他去踢球,摔断腿了。
a.yesterday he went to play football, breaking his leg.
b.yesterday he went to play football, broke his leg.
c.yesterday he going to play football,he broke his leg.
d.playing football, he broke his leg yesterday.
8,看见我穿得破烂,那售货员拿出最便宜的衣服给我。
a.seeing me dressed in rags, the assistant showed me the cheapest suit.
b.he saw me dressed in rags , the assistant showed me the cheapest suit.
c.because he seeing me dressed in rags, the assistant showed me the cheapest suit.
d.i dressing in rags , the assistant showed me the cheapest suit.
9,浇太多的水花会死的。
a.if water too much, the flower will die.
b. if you watered too much, the flower will die.
c.watering too much, the flower will die.
d.watered too much, the flower will die.
10,我昨天挨雨淋了,感冒了。
a.i was caught in the rain,i get a bad cold now.
b.having caught in the rain,i get a bad cold now.
c.i caught in the rain,i get a bad cold now.
d.caught in the rain,i got a bad cold now.
11.他们说说笑笑地向我们走来。
a.they talked ,laughed and went to us.
b.going to us, they talked and laughed.
c.they went to us ,talked and laughed.
d.they went to us ,talking and laughing.
12.他躺在那里看书。
a. he read a book, lying there.
b.he lay there ,reading a book.
c.he lying there and reading a book.
d.he lay there ,read a book.
13.在那跳舞的那个女孩也很会唱歌。
a,the girl dancing there sings well.
b.the girl danced there sings well.
c.the girl was dancing there sings well.
d.the girl was dancing there was a good singer.
14.我进门时看见他正在看电视。
a.i entered the room, saw he was watching tv.
b.i entered the room, seeing him was watching tv.
c.entered the room, i saw he was watching tv.
d.entering the room, i saw him watching tv.
15.他一来就逗我们发笑。
a.he came ,making us laughed.
b.he came to make us laughing.
c.coming,he often makes us laughing.
d. came here,he often makes laughing.
16.今天他病了,没来学校. a.he is ill,he doesn't come to school today. b.he is ill,not coming to school today. c.being ill,he doesn't come to school today. d.he being ill,he doesn't come to school today.
key:c,c,a,d,d,
d,d,a,d,d,
d,b,a,d,c,
c.
英语词法专题讲座十一：非谓语动词
一、动词不定式
1. 动词不定式作宾语。
1). 在动词want, hope, would like, decide, wish,
choose, try, need等后常用动词不定式作宾语。
i hope ______(hear)from you soon.
2). think/find /feel /make it + adj + to do sth
he found it difficult _______(get) to sleep.
3). stop to do sth / stop doing sth
stop to do sth 停下来去做某事 stop doing sth 停止正在做的事。
after working for a long time, he has to stop _______(have ) a rest.
he was very tired, so he had to stop ______(work).
2. 动词不定式作宾语补。
1). 带to的不定式作宾补的动词有：ask / like /would like /teach /tell /want /help +sb +to do sth
please ask him _________(come) quickly.
2). 省掉to的不定式作宾补的动词有：let /make / hear /see /notice /have/watch+sb +do sth
注：省掉to的不定式的句子变被动语态时，需要还原to.
he made the baby _______(stop) crying.
the baby was made ______ _____ crying.
3. 动词不定式作主语
1). 动词不定式常可用作句子的主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
2). 常用it作形式主语，而将不定式放在句子后面。
to do sth +谓语动词+adj /n =
it +谓语动词+adj / n + to do sth
to get an injection is a little painful.
_____ a little painful ____ ____ an injection(注射).
4. 动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语放在被修饰词之后
名词或代词+to do+(介词)
注：若构成的不定式的动词为不及物动词时，其后加上相应的介词。
i want a pen to write ______.
i want a piece of paper to write ______.
5. 动词不定式与疑问词连用
疑问词+ to do sth
注：在宾语从句中，若主从句的主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+to do sth”.
can you tell me how i can get to the hospital?
can you tell me _____ ____ ____ the hospital.
6. 动词不定式可作状语
1). 动词不定式可作目的状语
在come / go / leave 后面接动词不定式作目的状语。
he came here ______(get)his book.
2). 动词不定式可作原因状语
表语形容词（sorry/sad/happy/ glad /afraid/ pleased）后与动词不定式连用作原因状语
he was glad _______(see) his wife.
3). 动词不定式可作结果状语
在too…to …, not …enough to …句型中的动词不定式作结果状语。
he was too tired _______(walk) on.
7. 动词不定式作表语
be + to do sth
注：动词不定式作表语可以和主语的位置互换，且常表将来。
her wish is _______(become) a doctor.
_____ _____ is her wish.
8. 动词不定式的否定形式
在动词不定式的前面加not.
he told me _______(not stay) here.
9. 动词不定式符号的省略和保留情况。
1). 动词不定式符号的省略情况
若两个或两个以上的不定式并列时，第一个不定式符号不能省略，其余的省掉to.但两者有对比关系时，to都不能省略。
edison’s mother taught him to write and read.
i haven’t decided to go home or to go to the cinema.
2) 省掉不定式而保留动词不定式符号to的情况。
will you take a walk with me ? i’m glad to.
would you like to join my birthday party ?
i would love to.
二、动名词
1. 动名词相当于一个名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
reading in bed ______(be) bad for your eyes.
2. 有些动词或动词短语后面，只能接动名词作宾语。
三、现在分词
1. 现在分词常放在see, hear, watch, notice 等之后作宾补。
i saw the boy____(play)in the street just now.
2. 现在分词作定语常放在被修饰词之前，现在分词短语要放在被修饰词的后面，相当于一个定语从句。
a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping.
did you know the man talking to mr li?=
did you know the man who was talking to mr li?
3. 现在分词表伴随情况
he came into the classroom, carrying a book.
四、过去分词
1. 作宾补
have /get +sth +done 表示请别人干某事
i had my tv repaired last night.
2. 作定语
单一的过去分词作定语，要放在被修饰词的前面，过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰词的后面，相当于一个定语从句。
have you ever read any books written by luxun?
have you ever read any books _____ _____ written by luxun?
3. 作表语
过去分词作表语已经形容词化
my cup is broken.
提示；在英语语法中，掌握好动词的用法是最重要的，而非谓语动词又是动词中非常重要的一部分，由于它们内容多，有些用法相似，所以不好掌握，经常被混淆用错，笔者通过列表比较方法，我们会对非谓语动词的用法一目了然，找出异同，更好的掌握它们的用法，下面通过列表比较的方式，分析非谓语动词的主要用法。
一、非谓语动词和谓语动词的相对时间关系
非谓语动词相对谓语动词的时间意义例句
一般式不定式说明行为在谓语动词所表示的行为之后，多数是那些表愿望的词：want; hope; expect; wish等。i want to go home.
i hope to see you.说明行为与谓语动词表示的行为同时发生，多数是那些省略不定式符号的词，一般是复合宾语。i saw him come in.
he helped him (to) carry things.
一般式动名词表示动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发出。we enjoyed seeing the film.
i am thinking of taking over the job.在动词insist on; rely on; count on(相信)等后表示动作在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。he insisted on doing that work在有些明确表示时间先后的动词和介词on; upon after代替完成动名词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作先发生。i remember seeing him before.
on arriving beijing, he went to see his friend.
一般式分词
现在分词
持续性动词说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。he stood there speaking.
holding a book under his arm, he entered the room.
终止性动词说明分词表示的动作发生之后，句中谓语动词表示的动作立刻发生。entering the room, i found nobody in.
turning to the right, you will find the post office.
过去分词
持续性动词
通常说明分词表示的动作，此句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生。written in simple english, the book is easy to read.
i can't find my lost pen. 说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作并无先后。he is a person well-known in this country. 代替完成式现在分词的被动语态。educated by the party, he became a brave fighter.
完成式不定式说明行为动词在谓语动词表示的行为动词之前发生。i'm sorry to have troubled you.
he is said to have come here.
he is thought to have done it.
he is believed to have done it.
he seemed to have known it. 在wish, hope, expect, intend, mean, suppose等动词过去时后，说明行为动词没有实现。we wished to have done this.
i expected to have left by then.
(=i had expected to heave by then.)
完成式动名词说明动名词表示的动作，此句中动词表示的动作先发生。we regret having told you the news.
after having finished his work, he went home.
he denied having broke the glasses.
完成式分词说明分词表示的动作，此句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生。多数表示一些瞬时间动词。如果是hear; see或表示位置转移的动词arrive; leave; turn; open.不用完成时having finished his work, he went home.
sitting down with him, we begun to discuss it.
hearing this, he rose and went to the door.
二.非谓语动词的被动语态 1. 非谓语动词被动语态的意义
非谓语动词
意义和用法
例句
不定式
表示被动的意义
the meeting is to be held next week.
he wanted to be sent to the hard area.
有时主动形式表示被动的意义，同被动没什么区别，具有“应该”.“值的”的意思。不定式是主语的承受者，但有时作某些形容词的宾语， 如：nice, easy, hard, difficult, fit, suitable, good, heavy, comfortable, cheap等。
it's too small to see.
there is a lot of work to do
the house is to let at low rent.
houses are still to seek.
much remains to do.
the text is hard to learn.
动名词
表示被动的意义
he insisted on being sent to the hard area.
在动词need, require等的主动语态和形容词worth后, 表示被动的意义
my watch needs repairing.
the book is worth reading.
分词
现在分词
表示被动的意义
the building being built is a school.
not having been told, he didn't know where to start.
过去分词
表示被动的意义
heated, the metal expands.
2. 一般现在分词，完成的现在分词和过去分词表示被动意义的区别
非谓语动词
意义和用法
例句
一般式现在分词
含有具体的意义，说明和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，一般是持续性动词
the person being criticized is our monitor.
完成式分词
表示动作状态比句中谓语动作先发生，一般是瞬间动词
not having been told about it, i don't know how to do it.
过去分词
具有一船的意义，强调事实，说明比句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生，有时同完成式的被动词态可互换。
given more time, (=having been given) i can do it much better.
三.非谓语动词的句法作用 1. 非谓语动词的句法作用一览表 非谓语动词 句子成分
不定式
动名词
分词
主语
√
√
宾语
直接宾语
√
√
短语动词宾语
√
√
宾语补语
√
√
√
介词宾语
√
形容词宾语
√
√
表语
√
√
√
定语
√
√
√
状语
√
√
同谓语
√
√
插入语
√
√
2. 非谓语动词作主语
非谓语动词
意义和用法
例句
不定式动词不定式表示比较具体的意义，经常和特定的动作和执行者联系起来，经常带时间或地点状语，有时表示将要发生的动作。to master a foreign language is no easy job.
to do it well is my earnest desire
to see this film is to waste time.
to solve this problem is out of the question 动词不定式（短语）作主语时，常见的另一种形式是在句首用先行代词it作形式主语，而将动词不定式（短语）移到谓语之后作真正主语。用于这种形式是一些特定形容词，动词和名词1)形容词作表语（常见的形容词有：important, difficult, easy hard possible）
it is foolish to act in this way.
it sounds reasonable to do it this way.
it appears likely for them to arrive.
2) 动词作谓语（常见的动词有：require, cost, amuse, delight, irritate, annoy
it took much time to do this.
it makes us excited to think about that.
it needed hard work to finish the job.
3)名词作表语
it seems a pity to waste them.
it is a great pleasure to do this
it is a good idea to think this way.
动名词 动名词表求比较抽象（一般）和经常性的意义，有时可同不定式互换collecting stamps is a good hobby.
swimming is a best sport in summer.
there is no telling what will happen.
there is no denying the fact.
there is no need informing him of it. 动名词短语作主语时，常见的另一种形式是在句首用先行代词it作形式主语面将动名词短语移至谓语之后作真实主语。用于这种形式是一些特定形容词和名词1)形容词作表语(常见的形容词有：enjoyable, good, hard, worthwhile)
it is nice talking to you.
it's foolish behaving like that.
it is useless doing that
2)名词作表语
it's waste of time doing this. it's no good (use) doing that.
it's an awful job doing this. it's fun doing this
it is not an easy task doing this work.
非谓语动词的教学是我们高中英语语法教学的重点和难点之一，既涉及到时态、语态知识，又涉及到句子成分等问题，还牵涉到谓语和非谓语的区别等。在平时的教学过程中，学生解答这类题目时常采用找非谓语动词与句子相关成分的逻辑关系和非谓语动作先后的方法来解决的，逻辑关系确定非谓语的语态形式，动作发生的先后确定非谓语的时态形式。例：1.peter received a letter just now saying his grandma would come to see him soon.(saying的分词短语作a letter的定语，两者之间是主谓的逻辑关系。)2.it took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness to be made.(it took…to do 为固定句式，不定式作主语，make a connection中make与connection之间是动宾的逻辑关系，→it took a long time for us to make the connection between body temperature and illness.)但在我们教学的过程中，不难发现有些题目学生用找逻辑关系的方法很难解决问题或者说有些题目中非谓语动词与句子的相关成分根本就不存在逻辑关系。例：1. a and guilty, he put the book back on the shelf she had secretly placed in her schoolbag.a. frightened b. frightening c. being frightened d. to be frightening(学生在a、b、c中难以取舍，片面地认为“他害怕”是主动的逻辑关系而选b或者认为这里的frighten还是一种行为而选c) 2.technologinally a , china’s chang-e project does better than anyearlier project of the same kind. a. speaking b. spoken c. speak d. to speak(这里的主语china’s chang-e project与speaking之间没有逻辑关系，而学生则因思维定势习惯地认为“工程被说”是被动，很可能选b.)针对上述情况，笔者把一些与非谓语动词有关的固定结构归纳在一起，形成了一些固定格式——非谓语动词格式化结构：一.“get ＋过去分词”结构在这一结构中，get与be一样表被动，就是该过去分词的被动意义，但表示的是动作，而并非状态。 1.having been caught cheating in the exam, he got punished. 2.there is no time for you to b for the ball. a. be dressed b. get dressed c. get dressing d. dress 3.be careful when you cross this very busy street. if not, you may b runover by a car. a. have b. get c. become d. turn常见用在这一结构的过去分词有：get lost/paid/separated/damaged/run/punished/caught/changed/charged/dressed/hurt/burnt/killed等等。运用这一结构要训练学生把get sth. doing /get sth. done/get sth. to do等区分开来。例：4.you know he is not going to let us leave early if the work can’t b done.
a. got b. be got c. have got d. be getting(本题是get sth. done结构，即if we can’t get the work done)5.let me try now, the car will be got c . a. started b. to start c. starting d. start(本题是get sth. doing结构，即i’ll get the car starting.)6.in a time of social reform, people’s state of mind should be got b pace with the rapid changes of society. a. kept b. to keep c. to be kept d. keeping(本题是get sb. to do结构，即people should get their state of mind to keep pace with the changes of society.)总结：get done(与句子主语是被动关系) get sb./sth. doing(doing作宾补，与宾语是主动关系) get sb./sth. done（done作宾补，与宾语是被动关系） get sb. to do（“叫…去做”，未发生动作）二.在“be＋状态动词的过去分词＋介词”在这一结构中，过去分词往往形容词化，没有动作意义，说明主语存在的状态，只有done形式，如：be buried in/be lost in/be known as/be covered with/be crowded with等等，碰到这类短语作状语好或定语时，去掉动词be就用。 1.she has a face marked with worries.(她满脸愁容)2.he spent the whole day c in his study. a. locking b. being locked c. locked d. to lock（不可与spend sb. time in doing sth.混淆。）3. a with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.
a. faced b. face c. facing d. having faced总结：但在这些词组中，要区分分词是表状态还是表动作，不可混为一谈。例：4.① c to her son all these years, she has no moment to rest for.
② d his energies to being crazy about going on-line at college, he can’t find a job.
a. to be devoted b. devoting c. devoted d. having devoted (②中devote 后有宾语的存在，不可能表状态，只能表动作，找逻辑关系—主动，动作完成，选d)5.① c just an hour’s ride from beijing, the small town is a paradise(乐园) for tourists a home and abroad. ② b the tower in a wild park, they made it a paradise for tourists at home and abroad. a. locating b. having located c. located d. to be located三.状语从句中省略与非谓语形式 在状语从句中，当主句主语与从句主语相同或从句是it is＋adj.时，常把主语和be动词省略，之后形成以下的固定结构，在平时训练时，告诉学生可以直接在下面的三种形式中做选择。 to do (动作未发性)
when/while/unless/if/ though/as if /no mater how…＋ doing （与主语之间是主动关系）
done（与主语之间是被动关系）1.when c different cultures, we often pay attention to the differences without noticing the many similarities. 即：when (we are) comparing different cultures的省略句。
a. compared b. being compared c. comparing d. having compared2.when d help, one often says “thank you.” or “it’s kind of you.” 即：when (one is)offered help的省略句。 a. offering b. to offer c. to be offered d. offered3.①the man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if d whetherhe was going to the right direction. 即：as if (he is going ) to see whether he was going to the right direction 的省略句。②contrast may make something more beautiful than it is when c alone. 即：when (something is)seen alone的省略句。a. seeing b. having seen c. seen d. to see 总结：在这一结构中，要注意的是主句的主语与从句的主语一定是一致的，否者只能用状语从句。
4.—what’s the trouble with you?
— d the heavy suitcase, my waist was hurt unexpectedly.
a. while carrying b. carried
c. carrying d while i was carrying 5.①the idea for the machine came to mr baker c to his invention recently.②mr. black had an idea for the machine a/b/c to his invention recently.
a. while devoted b. while devoting himself
c. while he was devoted d. while devoting
四.with/without＋名词（代词）＋非谓语这一结构一般作伴随状语、原因状语和定语成分，在这一结构中，非谓语与with/without后的名词、代词有主动或被动的逻辑关系。1.—come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
—sorry. with so much work b my mind, i almost break down.
a. filled b. filling c. to fill d. being filled
总结：
to do（表示未发性动作）
with/without＋名词/代词＋ doing/being done(表示动作正在进行)
done(表示完成被动)2.①john received an invitation to dinner, and with his work a , he gladly accepted it.② john received an invitation to dinner, but with his work d , he couldn’t accept it. a. finished b. finishing c. having finished d. to finish3.with more trees d , huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.
a. destroying b. to be destroyed c. having destroyed d. being destroyed五.常见作状语的非谓语独立成分
generally/honestly/frankly/strictly/exactly speaking; judging from /by; concerning(关于，有关); considering(就…而论，照…看来); supposing(万一；假定); allowing for(考虑到…); seeing that(由于，因为); speaking of; talking about; taking…into consideration; to tell the truth, to be frank/honest; to make things/matters worse, to begin with; to be brief, to say nothing of(更不用说)；to conclude(总之，最后) …1.he did poorly in his examination, considering how hard he studied.
就他学习的努力程度来看，他这次考得很糟糕。2. he asked me questions concerning my health.他问了我一些问题，是有关我健康方面的。3. c , the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.
a. general speaking b. speaking general
c. generally speaking d. speaking generally对以上结构归纳总结，强化训练，使学生对这些结构有一种本能的反应，从而对非谓语动词这一语法知识的掌握更加系统化、条理化、结构化、程序化，有利于非谓语教学的拓宽,为教学非谓语独立主格结构打下基础。
XX年《高考风向标》•英语
目 录
第一部分 教材梳理
必修一
unit 1 friendship
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测
unit 2 english around the world
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测
unit 3 travel journal
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测
unit 4 earthquakes
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测
unit 5 nelson mandela—a modern hero
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测
必修二
unit 1 cultural relics
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测
unit 2 the olympic games
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测
unit 3 computers
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测
unit 4 wildlife protection
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测
unit 5 music
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测
必修三
unit 1 festivals around the world
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测
unit 2 healthy eating
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测
unit 3 the million pound bank note
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测
……
第二部分 语法专题
专题一 冠词
专题二 名词
专题三 代词
专题四 数词
专题五 形容词和副词
专题六 介词
专题七 情态动词
专题八 非谓语动词
专题九 动词和动词短语
专题十 动词的时态
专题十一 动词的语态
专题十二 句子种类
专题十三 名词性从句
专题十四 定语从句
专题十五 状语从句
专题十六 倒装句和省略句
专题十七 强调句
专题十八 虚拟语气
专题十九 主谓一致
专题二十 直接引语和间接引语
第三部分 高考题型讲练
听力
完形填空
语法填空
阅读理解
信息匹配
基础写作
读写任务
第二部分 语法专题
版权所有：
专题八 非谓语动词
i、重点难点解析
非谓语动词的高考命题导向：非谓语动词是高考的重点，考查立意较低，主要考查非谓语动词的一般用法和含义，但是题目的设计注重了情景化，结构较为复杂。
一 非谓语动词的分类、构成及功能一览表
非谓语形式 构成 特征和作用
时态和语态 否定式 复合
结构
不定式 to do, to be doing, to have done
to have been doing to be done,
to have been done 在to,
动名词及
分词前+not/never
for sb.
to do sth. 具有名词、副词和形容词的作用，在句中作主语、定语、表语、宾语、状语、宾补（在let, make, see, feel, notice等动词后做宾补时不带to）
分词 现在分词 doing, having done being done, having been done 具有副词、形容词的作用，在句中作定语、表语、状语、宾补（常用在see, find, feel, keep, get, have等动词之后）
过去分词 done
动名词
doing, having done being done, having been done sb. ’s dong 具有名词的作用，在句中作主语、定语、表语、宾语、
二 作宾语的非谓语动词比较
情况 常用动词
只接不定式作宾语的动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
只接动名词作宾语的动词或短语
mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider
can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to, adapt to
两者都可以 意义基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue （接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）
need, want, require （接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）
意义相反 stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做的事
意义不同 remember/forget/regret to do （指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生） go on to do （接着做另外一件事）
go on doing （接着做同一件事）
try to do （设法，努力去做，）try doing（试试做，） mean to do（打算做，企图做）
mean doing（意思是，意味着）
can’t help (to) do（不能帮忙做）can’t help doing（忍不住要做）
三 非谓语动词作宾语补足语的区别
类别 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句
不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成 1) i expect them to win the game.
2) i heard him call me several times.
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make
现在分词 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel（即：感官动词和使役动词） 主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成 i found her listening to the radio.
过去分词 动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态 we found the village greatly changed.
四 现在分词和过去分词的用法对比
分类
项目
现在分词
过去分词
例句
意义 表示主动意义
表示被动意义
1 i can hear him singing.
2 i can hear the song sung in english.
动作 所表示的动作一般在进行中 所表示的动作多已完成 china is a developing country while america is a developed one.
语义 意思为“令人…” 意思为“感到…” it is an exciting match, so we are excited.
五 特别提示
1. 关于不定式
1）不定式作介词宾语时，如前面有实义动词do（各种形式），则不定式不带to；否则不能省to。
he did nothing all the morning but watch tv.
he said nothing but to sleep.
2）不定式作定语时，如果不定式与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且不定式的动词是不及物动词，记住别漏掉介词。
i want a small room to live in. / i need a nice pen to write with.
3）不定式作感官动词和部分使役动词(let, make)的宾补，动词不定式不带to，但句子变成被动语态时，要带to。
i saw him go into the room.→ he was seen to go into the room.
2. 关于分词
1) 现在分词作补语表示动作正在进行，不定式作补语表示动作发生的全过程。
i saw him walking across the road. (正在穿过马路)
i saw him walk across the road. (看到全过程，过了马路)
2）及物动词的过去分词(done)与现在分词的一般被动式(being done)都有被动意义，前者表示动作完成，后者表示动作在进行。
the picture fixed on the wall was presented by a friend.(已经被订在墙上了)
the picture being fixed on the wall was presented by a friend. (正被订在墙上)
注意：不定式有表将来之意。
the picture to be fixed on the wall was presented by a friend. (将要被订在墙上)
3) 分词的独立主格结构：如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，需用一个独立结构(即保留分词的逻辑主语)或者由一个with/without引导的介词短语表达。
time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises.
his work finished, he prepared to go home.
with his work finished, he prepared to go home.
3. 关于动名词
1）动名词作定语表所修饰词的用途，而现在分词表动作或状态、特征。
2）动名词的复合结构作宾语，动名词的逻辑主语可用宾格代词或不带所有格。但作主语不行。do you mind my/me/tom smoking here?
my/tom’s smoking here annoyed him.
3）动名词作主语还可用于“there be no+动名词”结构和“布告形式的省略结构中。
there is no knowing what he will do next. 不知道他下一步会做什么。
no smoking. 禁止吸烟。
ii、实战演练
i 用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. 1) ___________ to the left, and you’ll see the bus stop.
2) ___________ to the left, you’ll see the bus stop. (turn)
2. 1) ___________ many times, he still couldn’t understand the question.
2) ___________ me the bad news, he went out of the room sadly. (tell)
3. 1) nothing could make us _________ up the hope.
2) crusoe made a candle __________ light. (give)
4. 1) i want __________ your bag.
2) your eyes want ___________.
3) i want my eyes ________ this afternoon.(examine)
5. 1) what’s the way smith thought of _________ enough money to buy the new house?
2) i’m thinking of _________ tom to repair my bike. (get)
6. 1) we don’t allow _________ in the office because of the public health.
2) we don’t allow anyone _________ in the office because of the public health.(smoke)
7. 1) my little brother enjoys nothing but __________ to music.
2) my little brother does nothing all day but __________ to music.
3) my little brother had no choice but ____________ to me.( listen)
8. 1) the teacher raised his voice in order to make himself ______________ . (hear)
2) the teacher raised his voice in order to make his students ___________ what he said.
3) the children talked so loudly at dinner table that i had to struggle _______________ .
9. 1) the problem is worth __________________ again .
2) the problem is worthy _________________ again .
3) the problem is worthy of __________________ . (discuss)
10. 1) it passes right through their bodies , only ______ (get) a little thicker and sweeter .
2) he worked harder only ______ (fail) again .
11. 1) no one can stop us _______________ questions.
2) we stopped ____________ a schoolboy the way to the teachers’ office. (ask)
12. 1) _____________ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.
2)nearly every great building in beijing was built _____________ south. (face)
13. 1) the parents’ meeting ________________ next saturday is very important.
2) the 29th olympic games _____________ in beijing was a great success.
3) the parents’ meeting __________________ in our school now is important.(hold)
14. 1) ____________ this cake, you need 2 eggs, 175g sugar and 175g flour.
2) ________________ the cake, she got down to cooking some milk.
3) i lost my way in complete darkness and, _________________ matters worse, it began to rain. (make)
15. 1) the room is so dirty that i can’t help _____________________ it.
2) i’m too busy, so i can’t help _________________ the room.
3) the room is too dirty. i can’t help but ________________ it. (clean)
16. 1) i knew i would be busy today, so i had my paper _______________ last night.
2) i can’t go with you. i have some papers ________________.
3) do you have any papers _____________________ , sir? (type)
17. 1) with many problems ________________ , the president will have a hard time.
2) with the problem _______________, he had a good sleep last night.
3) with the secretary ______________ the problem, he is reading the newspaper leisurely in the office. (settle)
18. 1) “i ever saw him _____________ an old man of 500 yuan,” he said to the police.
2) he was seen ________________ an old man of 500 yuan in the street yesterday.
3) unluckily, the policeman saw him _______________ an old man around the corner. (cheat)
19. the film was ________________ and all of us were very _________________ . (disappoint)
20. at the beginning of class, the noise of desks __________________ (open and close) could be heard outside the classroom.
答案：i 1. turn; turning 2. having been told/told; having told 3. give; to give 4.to examine; examining/to be examined; to be examined/examined 5. to get; getting 6. smoking; to smoke 7.listening; listen; to listen 8. heard; hear; to be heard 9. discussing; to be discussed; being discussed 10. getting; to fail
11. asking; to ask 12. faced; facing 13. to be held; held; being held 14. to make; having made; to make
15. cleaning; (to) clean; clean 16. typed; to type; to be typed 17. to settle; settled; settling
18. cheat; to cheat; cheating 19. disappointing; disappointed 20. being opened and closed
二、 语法填空
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后用括号中的词的适当形式填空
a study 1 (publish) in september suggests there is a 2 (surprise) way to get people 3 (avoid) unhealthy foods: change their memories. scientist elizabeth loftus of the university of california at irvine asked volunteers 4 (answer) some questions on their personalities and food experiences. “one week later,” lotus says, “ 5 (feed) the people, we told them to type their answers into our smart computer and it came up with an account of their early childhood experiences.” some accounts included one key additional detail. 6 (tell) that they had got sick after 7 (eat) strawberry ice-cream, the researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured (人为促成的) memory through 8 (lead) questions---who were you with? how did you feel? by the end of the study, up to 41% of those 9 (give) a false memory believed strawberry ice-cream once make them sick, and many said they’d avoid 10 (eat) it.
答案：1. published 2. surprising 3. to avoid 4. to answer 5. having fed 6. having been told 7. eating 8. leading 9. given 10. eating
XX年高考英语考点汇集 非谓语动词
分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容和副词的句法功能。
它分为现在分词和过去分词两类。
现在分词和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词则只有一般式。
现在分词表动作正在进行，表主动。过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成，表被动。
过去分词不及物动词表动作已经完成，表主动。
分词使用中的几个问题
1、现在分词的完成式
having cleaned the room, i went out.
2、现在分词的否定式
not having received any letter, he felt a little worried.
3、现在分词与过去分词的不同
现在分词表示主动、正在，过去分词表示被动、完成
i found the man killed there.
i found the man standing there.
4、have结构
we have the car repaired.
we have repaired the car.
we have tom repair the car.
we have tom repairing the car the whole morning.
5、分词作表语
we were excited at the news.
the football game is exciting.
6、独立主格结构
it being a fine day, we went out to visit the park.
ii. 例题
例1、time_______， i'll go on a picnic with you.
a. permit b. to permit c. permitted d. permitting
解析：该题答案为d。 time permitting…是独立主格结构，意为"如果时间允许的话…"
例2、_______ if he had any bad habit, she replied that he was a heavy smoker.
a. ask b. to ask c. asked d. asking
解析：该题答案为c。主语she是被问。
情态动词与助动词
i. 要点
助动词本身无意义，在句中帮助主要动词构成一定的时态，语态、语气，或是帮助构成否定句和疑问句，常用的助动词有
be, do, have, shall(should), will(would).
情态动词表一定的词义，本身并不表示动作或状态，而仅仅表达说话人的态度，它在句中须和主要动词一起构成谓语，
主要的情态动词有can(could), may (might), must, have to, ought to, need, dare, shall, should, will, would.
1、 can 能，可以，表说话人同意，许可还可表客观条件许可，
如:you can go now.
提建议或请求时可用can i, can you表客气，
如can i buy you a drink?
can和be able to表能力时的区别。
can表一般具有的能力，be able to表在特定条件下的能力，
如:although the driver was badly hurt, he was able to explain what had happened.
2、may
（1）可以，表说话人同意，许可或请求对方许可。you may go.
（2）（现在和将来）可能，也许，只用于肯定句和否定句中，如he may not be right.
3、must, have to
must表主观上的必须，have to表客观上的必须，
如:it's getting late. i have to go. -must i go now. -yes, you must.
(no, you needn't./ no, you don't have to.)
4、need, dare这二词有实意动词和情态动词两种词性，如用作实意动词后接动词不定式to do，
如用作情态动词后接动词原形。need i go now? --yes, you must./no, you needn't.)
5、shall用于第一人称疑问句中表说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求，
如，shall we begin our lesson?
用于二、三人称陈述句，表说话人命令、警告、允诺、威胁等口吻，
如: you shall fail if you don't work harder.
6、should表应该，意为有责任，有义务。
如:we should try our best to make our country more beautiful.
7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算，
如 "will you lend me your book?" "yes, i will."，
8、should have done表应该做而未做
must have done表对过去事实的肯定推测
could have done表本可以做某事
9、判断句：肯定句用must, 否定句用can't, 不太肯定用may, might
he must be in the office now.
he must have gone to bed, for the light is out.
he can't be in the office. he is at home.
he couldn't have cleaned the classroom, because he didn't come here today.
he might be in the office, i am not sure.
he might have cleaned the room, i suppose.
句子种类
i. 要点
句子按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句；按结构又分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
1、陈述句的否定
（1） 在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的谓语动词是think, expect, believe, suppose,
guess, fancy, imagine等，且主句主语是第一人称时，宾语从句谓语的否定习惯上要移到主句谓语上，如: i don't think he is right.
（2） 含有否定意义的副词never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely的句子应视为否定句，
如: i have never been there before.
2、反意疑问句
（1） need和dare 既可作情态动词，又可作实意动词，在反问部分须加以区别，
如we needn't leave, need we?
we don't need to leave, do we?
（2） 陈述部分出现否定意义的副词或代词如never, seldom, few, hardly, little等时，反问部分须用肯定形式如： he seldom comes, does he?
（3） 陈述部分用不定代词作主语时，反问部分的主语用it ，如：nothing can stop me, can it?
陈述部分用everybody, everyone, somebody, someone，等作主语时，反问部分常用it，有时也用they，如:everybody knows that, don't they?
（4） 陈述部分包括used to 时，反问部分可有两种形式，
如: you used to get up early, usedn't (didn't) you?
（5） 陈述部分是"there + be"结构时，反问部分用there，如:there's something wrong with you,
isn't there?
（6） 陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时，反问部分的主语和谓语应和主句保持一致，
如: he never told others what he thought, did he?
但，如果是i think , i believe等 +宾语从句时，反问部分须和从句的动词保持一致，
如，i don't think he is right, is he?
i don't believe he does that, does he?
3、感叹句
用what或how,
what a beautiful park it is.
how beautiful a park it is.
how beautiful the park is.
how we worked!
4、祈使句
take care!
don't stand there.
please open the door for the old lady.
ii.例题
例1，don't forget to post the letter, _______ ?
a. will you b. do you c. won't you d. shall you
解析：该题答案为a， 在否定句、祈使句后只用"will you"?，但肯定的祈使句后可用如，wait for me, will (won't, can, can't, could) you?
例2，let's go out for a walk, _______ ?
a. will you b. won't you c. shall we d. do we
解析：该题答案为c，let's…后加上shall we来表语气婉转、客气，而在let us后加上will you。
例3，he hardly writes to you, _______ ?
a. doesn't he b. does he c. do they d. has he
解析：该题答案为b，hardly否定副词，反问部分要用肯定形式。
各种从句
i.要点
根据从句在句中的句法功能，从句可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。
1、 名词性从句
（1） 主语从句
what he wants is a piece of paper.
it is believed that he can solve the problem.
注：主语从句的谓语动词用单数。
（2）宾语从句
i don't know how to solve the problem.
do you know where he lives?
（3）表语从句
the problem is who can help me.
this is why i came here.
（4）同位语从句
i have no idea where he went.
i heard the news that he would come.
同位语从句用that引导，常跟在fact, idea, news, promise, thought, message, hope, belief, doubt等词后，that在从句中不作任何成分。
2、定语从句
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句叫做定语从句，引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that, as,和关系副词when, where, why。
（1）that指物时一般可与which互换，但在下列情况下，要用that而不用which。
a. 先行词有all, everything等不定代词时，如，
everything (that) he did is wrong.
b. 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时，如，
i'll read all the books (that) you lend me.
c. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，
this is the first letter (that) the boy has written.
d. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时，如
he is the very man (that) i'm looking for.
e. 只用which的情况
在介词后或在非限定性定语从句中
this is the book about which we have talked a lot.
the book, which he gave me yesterday, is very interesting.
f. where和when作关系副词
this is the room where i worked.
this is the room which i stayed in.
i remembered the day when we lived there.
i remembered the day that i spent there.
g. as和which
as 可以放于句首，而which 不可以
as you know, he is good at english.
three of them 和three of which
i have a lot of books, three of which are in russian.
i have a lot of books and three of them are in russian.
3、状语从句
在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、行为方式状语、比较状语、让步状语等多种。
ii. 例题
例1、 _______ i accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business.
a. if b. whether c. even if d. no matter when
解析：该题答案为b。whether可以和or连用，if不可以，此外if一般仅用于宾语从句。
例2、the way _______ these comrades look at problems is wrong.
a. where b. in that c.x d. with which
解析：该题答案为c，先行词是way，定语从句中用that或 in which来引导或不填。
例3， ____a long time since i saw you last time.
a.it was b. it is c. it had been d. it can be
解析：该题答案为b，it is +时间数+ since引导的从句是一个句型，意为"从…时候以来过了多久了。"
主谓一致
i. 要点
谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这叫做主谓一致，主谓一致包括语法一致、意义上一致和就近一致。
1、语法上一致
（1）以单数名词或代词，动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数，主语为复数时，谓语用复数，如， to work hard is necessary for a student.
（2）用and或both……and连接的并列主语，谓语动词用复数，
如， both he and i are right.
但并列主语如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，
如, his teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.
（3）主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有as well as, but ,except, besides, with ,along with,
together with, like等，谓语动词仍用单数，
如，the teacher as well as his students is excited.
（4）某些不定代词，如做主语，谓语动词要用单数，如:everyone has a book.
（5）一些只有复数形式的名词，如people, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数，
如，a lot of people are dancing outside.
2、意义上一致
（1）、表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数，
如，twenty years is not a long time.
（2）、表示总称意义的名词public, police, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语动词用复数，如，
people are talking about the accident.
（3）、有些集合名词，如family, team等作主语，如作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数，如指其中每个成员，则用复数，如，
my family is a big one.
my family are watching tv.
3、邻近一致
用连词or, either……or, neither……nor, whether……or, not only…but also,等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致，如，
either you or i am mad.
ii.例题
例1、 the chemical works _______ where my father has worked for thirty years in 1949.
a. was built b. were built c. is built d. are built
解析：该题答案为a。works形式上是复数，意思上是单数，因此谓语动词用单数，类似的还有news, maths, politics, physics.
例2、they each _______ a copy of the new physics.
a. have b. has c. having d. gets
解析：该题答案为a。they each不等于each of …, each of 这个词组作主语谓语用单数如each of the students hands in their homework，而they each作主语，谓语要随each前面的词来变化。
倒装
i.要点
按"主语+谓语"这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序，如果变为"谓语（或谓语的一部分）+主语"，就是倒装语序。
1、全部倒装
（1）there be 句型
there is going to be a meeting.
there is a book on the table.
（2）here, there, now, then, in, out等副词置于句首时，主谓倒装，但如果主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不倒装，如，
here comes the bus.
here he comes.
（3）直接引语的部分或全部位于句首时，有时也用倒装，
如，"what he said meant nothing", said the teacher.
（4）为保持句子平衡，强调表语或状语，使上下文紧密衔接时须完全倒装，
如，in front of the house sat a small boy.
2、部分倒装
（1）so, neither, nor置于句首说明与前者情况一致时，如，
i like swimming, so does my brother.
（2）only +状语放在句首，如，
only through this method can we win.
only in this way can we do the work well.
（3）含有否定意义的词置于句首，如，hardly, scarcely, not, seldom, no sooner, never, little, at no time, in no way, no more等，
如，never had i heard that. little did i know about this.
（4）以often, so +形容词或副词开头的句子，如，
so heavy is the box that he cannot carry it.
（5）用于省略if的虚拟条件句中，将had, were, should提前，如，
were i you, i wouldn't do that.
had he come, we would have won.
（6）用于某些表示祝愿的句中，如，
may you be happy for ever.
ii.例题
例1、not only ____ this machine but ____ it.
a. can he run……can he repair b. can he run……he can repair
c. he can run……he can repair d. he can run……can he repair
解析：该题答案为b，在not only……but (also)句型中，只有but前面的部分倒装，but后面仍是正常语序。
例2、____, it is quite easy to drill a hole in it with laser（激光）.
a. hard although the diamond b. hard as the diamond is
c. as the diamond is hard d. has hard is the diamond
解析：该题答案为b，在让步状语从句中，从属连词as可以表示though，但要用倒装语序。
例3、only in this way ____ to improve the situation there.
a. can you hope b. you can hope c. hope can d. you hope
解析：该题答案为a，
省略
i.要点
有时为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不损害结构或引起误解的原则下，往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语。
1、 固定习惯用词。如：
no smoking! thanks s lot!等。
2. 简单句中的省略
（1） 口语中，一、二、三人称的主语，有时还包括谓语都可以省略。
如：（it is）nice to see you!
(this is) li ming speaking.
（2） 所有格后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略。如：
i'm going to visit tom's (house).
i met him at the tailor's (shop).
（3） 两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式可省to.
如: his job is to clean and mend the machine.
（4） 主（宾）语补足语中的to be常省略。
he was considered (to be) the best student in the class.
（5） there be结构中 there be可同时省略，或只省略there.如：(is there) anything wrong?
（6） 表示年龄的years old, 表示钟点的o'clock, minute等常省略。
如：what time is it now? it's ten (o'clock).
3从句中的省略
（1） 宾语从句，以which, when, where, how和why引起的宾语从句谓语与主句谓语如相同，可省略从句中全部谓语，甚至主语也可省略，仅保留wh－一词。如：
he will come, but we don't know when (he will come).
he didn't come, i wondered why (he didn't come).
（2） 定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词，如：
the man (whom) i saw in the street the other day is my teacher.
（3） 状语从句，在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中，从句主语与主句主语一致，或从句主语是it，则be动词及其主语常可省略。如：
i'll tell him that when (it is) possible.
i won't go there unless (i'm) invited.
ii.例题
例1 a beam of light will not bend（弯曲）round corners unless____ to do so with the help of
a reflecting device（反射装置）。
a made b being made c having made d to be made
解析：该题正确答案为a。 unless后省略了it is. make sb (sth) do sth变成被动语态则为sth/ sb be made to do.
例2 while ____my homework k, i heard a cry for help.
a do b did c doing d having done
解析：该题答案为c。该空处省略了i'm,相当于while i'm doing my home work.如：while playing
guitar, he is singing.
非谓语动词
考纲新研读
1.非谓语动词的形式(以动词do为例)
动词不定式 动词的-ing形式 动词过去分词
一般式 to do doing done
一般被动式 to be done being done
完成式 to have done having done
完成被动式 to have been done having been done
进行式 to be doing
完成进行式 to have been doing
2.非谓语动词在句子中的作用
主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语
动词不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动词的-ing形式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动词过去分词 √ √ √ √ √ √
3.非谓语动词的用法
动词不定式
(1)用作主语：
to learn a foreign language well is not easy.
it is not easy to learn a foreign language well.
(2)用作宾语：
what do you like to do besides swim?
do you think it necessary to go there?
(3)用作表语：
all she would do was to go home.
(4)用作宾补：
i warned the boy not to be late again.
he saw her leave the house.
she was seen to leave the house.
he often helps me (to) learn english.
with no one to help him, he can’t do it.
with so many problems to settle, the manager can’t leave for
holidays.
【注意】用于不带to的不定式作宾补的的动词有：feel, hear, see,
notice, observe, watch, listen to, look at, have, make, let等。但
变为被动语态时需要带to。例如：
i noticed her enter the office.
we heard him sing every day.
santa’s father made her promise that she wouldn’t write to me
or send me any word.
(5)用作定语：
i have nothing to write (to write on/to write with).
i was the first to come to school.
we have no time to think about rest.
(6)用作状语：常表示原因、结果、条件、目的等。
he stopped to talk to an old man.(目的)
i rushed to the station, only to find the train already gone.(结果)
he was happy to hear the news.(原因)
另外：in order to; so as to引导目的状语，“为了,以便”;so...as to
引导结果状语，“太……以致……”。
(7)用在疑问词后面，如what to do,构成不定式复合结构,相当于名
词，作主语、宾语和表语。例如：
the question is where to get a computer.(表语)
i really don’t know what to do.(宾语)
how to get rid of the pollution is still a problem.(主语)
【注意】不定式也有一定的时态和语态；有否定式、完成式、进
行式、被动式等和自己的逻辑主语：
(1)被动形式：
he asked to be sent to the front.
(2)进行式：
he pretended to be listening attentively.
(3)完成式：
he is said to have gone abroad.
(4)否定式：(to)前加not：
he pretended not to have seen me.
(5)不定式的逻辑主语有两种情况(用for sb.或of sb.)：
it’s high time for us to plant trees.
it’s very kind of you to say so.
动词的过去分词
(1)作定语
及物动词的过去分词，既表被动又表完成；不及物动词的过去
分词，只表示完成。单个的分词作定语，放在它所修饰的词
的前面;分词短语作定语，放在它所修饰的词的后面。例如：
a broken cup is lying on the floor.
the meeting held yesterday was very important.
(2)作表语：
表状态，与句子主语是被动关系。例如：
he seemed quite delighted at the idea.
the city is surrounded on three sides by mountains.
(3)作状语
动词的过去分词相当于副词，可以在句子中作状语，与句子主
语是逻辑上的主谓关系，两者往往是被动关系，即主语是过去
分词动作的承受者。
seen from space, the earth looks like a ball.
compared with the people in iraq, we are much happier.
名词加过去分词，构成独立结构，用作状语。
all things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
(4)作宾补
作宾语补足语的过去分词，大都来自及物动词。分词与宾语是
被动关系。不及物动词的过去分词作宾补,与宾语是主动关系,
表示动作已经发生。
i saw the house broken into.
there is something wrong with my radio. i will have it repaired.
the emperor ordered the cloth (to be) woven for him at once.
he came in, with his hands tied at the back.
动词的-ing形式
动词的-ing形式相当于名词、形容词、副词等,也保留了动词的某些特征。
(1)作主语：
talking is easier than doing.
it’s no use talking about it.
(2)作宾语：
he is afraid of being scolded.
i found it no use talking with him.
有些动词后面只能接doing。
如：admit, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine,
keep, miss, mention, practice, risk, stop, suggest等。
有些动词后面只能接to do。如：agree, decide, expect, hope,
long(渴望),manage, plan, pretend,
refuse, wish等。
有些动词后面接doing和to do 都可以，且意思差别细微，或看作
没差别。如：begin, start, hate, like, love, continue, refer等；
但另一类词差别很大。如：forget, remember, mean, try, regret等。
还有 go on; remind sb. of doing sth.(使人想起)和remind sb. to
do(提醒)。另外，stop doing停止干；stop to do停下来去干某
事，to do是目的状语。
(3)作表语：
seeing is believing.
the story is moving/exciting/interesting.
(4)作宾补：
i saw them coming across the road.
they had their lights burning all night long.
(5)作定语：
there is a swimming pool in our school.
china is a developing country.
(6)作状语：
being ill, she went home.
having finished their homework, they had a rest.
while reading the book, he nodded from time to time.
【注意】
1.动词-ing形式的逻辑主语有三种形式：
(1)doing前加物主代词。如：my doing；
(2)doing前加名词所有格。如：tom’s doing；
(3)作宾语时doing前可加人称代词宾格。如：me doing。例如:
mary’s coming late made mr. smith angry.
she didn’t mind his (him) crying.
2.否定式在其前面加not;完成式having done;被动式being done。
例如:
not knowing what to do, he turned to his teacher for help.
having finished their homework, they watched tv.
he had hoped to take his seat without being seen.
3.独立结构：
weather permitting (if weather permits), we’ll have a sports meet
next week.
weather being so fine (as weather is so fine), we have decided to
go on an outing.
there being no buses, we had to walk home.
4.with复合结构：
they slept, with the lights burning.
高考新剖析
1. nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it
easier for it _________.［XX年高考湖南卷］
a. reusing b. reused
c. reuses d. to be reused
2. schools across china are expected to hire 50,000 college
graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times
the number hired last year, __________reduce unemployment
pressures.［XX年高考江苏卷］
a. help b. to have helped
c. to help d. having helped
d
c
3. distinguished guests and friends, welcome to our school.
__________the ceremony of the 50th anniversary this morning
are our alumni(校友)from home and abroad.
［XX年高考江苏卷］
a. attend b. to attend
c. attending d. having attended
4. they use computers to keep the traffic__________ smoothly.
［XX年高考全国卷ⅱ］
a. being run b. run c. to run d. running
5. now that we’ve discussed our problem, are people happy with
the decisions_________？［XX年高考全国卷ⅰ］
a. taking b. take c. taken d. to take
6. if there’s a lot of work_________, i’m happy to just keep on
until it is finished. ［XX年高考上海卷］
a. to do b. to be doing
c. done d. doing
c
d
c
a
7. i feel greatly honored__________ into their society.
［XX年高考北京卷］
a. to welcome b. welcoming
c. to be welcomed d. welcomed
8. something as simple as__________ some cold water may clear
your mind and relieve pressure.［XX年高考上海卷］
a. to drink b. drinking
c. to be drinking d. drunk
9. my sister, an inexperienced rider, was found sitting on the
bicycle__________ to balance it.［XX年高考上海卷］
a. having tired b. trying
c. to try d. tried
10. ideally__________ for broadway theatres and fifth avenue,
the new york park hotel is a favorite with many guests.
［XX年高考上海卷］
a. locating b. being located
c. having been located d. located
c
b
b
d
11. the children all turned__________ the famous actress as she
entered the classroom.［XX年高考全国卷ⅰ］
a. looked at b. to look at
c. to looking at d. look at
12. __________,you need to give all you have and try your best.
［XX年高考辽宁卷］
a. being a winner b. to be a winner
c. be a winner d. having been a winner
13. __________in the queue for half an hour, the old man
suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.
［XX年高考福建卷］
a. waiting b. to wait
c. having waited d. to have waited
14. —can those__________ at the back of the classroom hear me?
—no problem.［XX年高考福建卷］
a. seat b. sit c. seated d. sat
b
b
c
c
15. my parents have always made me __________about myself,
even when i was twelve.
a. feeling well b. feeling good
c. feel well d. feel good
精题新探究
1. which do you enjoy__________ your holiday, going abroad or
staying at home?
a. spending b. to spend
c. being spent d. spend
2. the pilot felt something__________ wrong with the engine just
before the plane took off.
a. go b. went
c. was going d. to go
3. —why do you look sad?
—there are so many problems__________.
a. remaining to settle b. remained settling
c. remaining to be settled d. remained to be settled
d
b
a
c
4. —do you know why they practise__________ basketball every
day?
—they practise__________ in the basketball match of our school.
a. playing; to join b. playing; joining
c. to play; to join d. to play; joining
5. lily’s mobile phone was left in a taxi accidentally, never
__________ again.
a. to find b. to be found c. finding d. being found
6. —we didn’t find the blacks_________ the lecture.
—no one had told them about__________ a lecture the following
day.
a. to attend; there to be b. attending; there being
c. attended; there be d. attend; there was
7. the international agreement, __________encourage children not
to smoke and help people kick the habit, was signed on february
27.
a. intending to b. being intended to
c. intended to d. to intend to
a
b
b
c
8. __________twice a year, whether it is a car or a bus or a truck,
is the rule that every driver must obey in this city.
a. being examined b. examined
c. examining d. having been examined
9. the man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if
__________ whether he was going in the right direction.
a. seeing b. having seen
c. to see d. to have seen
10. __________ horrible, the medicine was thrown away by the
child.
a. tasted b. tasting c. to taste d. being tasted
11. the long-lasting meeting ended in failure, _________no
agreements.
a. to reach b. would reach c. reaching d. reached
12. tom pretended__________ it, but in fact, he knew it very well.
a. not listen to b. not to hear about
c. not to have heard about d. not to listen
a
c
b
c
c
13. even if the troops can be found, __________them remains a
problem.
a. equips b. equipped
c. having equipped d. equipping
14. he showed us a good tyre for comparison with the one
__________.
a. wearing b. worn c. tearing d. torn
15. __________on time is one of our principles. and we do our
best for customers.
a. deliver goods b. delivering goods
c. delivered goods d. having delivered goods
d
b
b
非谓语动词总结
一.接动词不定式 （ to do/ do sth ）
1. like to do sth 2. like sb to do sth
3. let’s (not ) do sth 4. want to do sth
5. want sb to do sth 6. love to do sth
7. ask sb (not ) to do sth 8. stop to do sth
9. tell sb (not ) to do sth 10. watch sb do sth
11. it’s time (for sb) to do sth 12. help sb (to ) do sth
13. help do sth 14. make sb do sth
15. decide (not ) to do sth 16. find it +adj + to do sth
17. have to do sth 18. try (not ) to do sth
19. try one’s best to do sth 20. it’s +adj +(for)of +sb + to do sth
21. plan to do sth 22. s.p.+be a good place to do sth
23. it takes sb +some time + to do sth 24. send sb to do sth
25. invite sb to do sth 26. forget to do sth
27. live to be +时间 28. be able to do sth
29. have sth to do 30. seem to do sth
31. get sb /sth to do sth 32. 疑问词+ to do sth
33. need sth to do sth 34. use sth to do sth
35. follow sb to sth 36. need to do sth
37. a good time to do sth 38. the best time to do sth
39. the best way to do sth 40. be the first / last one to do sth
41. would like to do sth 42. be excited /surprised to do sth
43. be useful to do sth 44. be allowed to do sth
45. allow sb to do sth 46. it’s better to do sth
47. it’s best to do sth 48. take care (not) to do sth
49. see sb do sth 50. why not do sth ?
51. have enough time to do sth 52. too… to do sth
53. not… enough to do sth 54. encourage sb to do sth
55. choose to do sth 56. wait to do sth
57. be happy/glad/pleased to do sth 58. make it +adj + to do sth
59. be careful to do sth 60. be afraid to do sth
61. it’s our duty to do sth 62. used to do sth
63. can’t afford to do sth 64. make a decision to do sth
65. have an opportunity to do sth 66. wait for sb to do sth
67. would do sth rather than do sth 68. would rather do sth than do sth
69. hurry to do sth 70. refuse to do sth
71. agree to do sth 72. pretend to do sth
73. pretend to be doing sth 74. prefer to do sth
75. prefer not to do sth 76. prefer to do sth raher than do sth
77. be willing to do sth 78. volunteer +时间/ 钱 + to do sth
79. volunteer to do sth 80. offer to do sth
81. rush to do sth 82. in order (not ) to do sth
83. be certain to do sth 84. be sure to do sth
85. make plans to do sth 86. go out of their way to do sth
87. lead sb to do sth 88. it’s one’s job to do sth
89. it’s one’s turn to do sth 90. urge sb to do sth 督促...
91. could /would you please (not) do sth ? 92. be supposed to do sth
93. warn sb to do sth
二、接动名词 （doing sth ）
1. like doing sth 2. enjoy doing sth
3. have fun doing sth 4. be interested in doing sth
5. thanks for doing sth 6. look at sb doing sth
7. stop sb doing sth 8. stop sb from doing sth
9. go + v-ing 10. do the (some )+v-ing
11. what/how doing sth ? 12. practice doing sth
13. watch sb doing sth 14. find sb doing sth
15. mind (one’s ) doing sth 16. can’t stand doing sth
17. think about doing sth 18. spend … (in)doing sth
19. finish doing sth 20. be busy doing sth
21. keep doing sth 22. keep sb from doing sth
23. keep sb doing sth 24. be good at doing sth
25. hate doing sth 26. there be +名词+doing sth
27. make a living by doing sth 28. have a difficult time doing sth
29. feel like doing sth 30. allow doing sth
31. see sb doing sth 32. by doing sth
33. end up doing sth 34. do a survey about doing sth
35. be afraid of doing sth 36. be used to doing sth
37. be terrified of doing sth 38. give up doing sth
39. instead of doing sth 40. have nothing against doing sth
41. be serious about doing sth 42. have a chance of doing sth
43. before/ when /while +doing sth 44. start doing sth
45. have a lot of experience doing sth 46. prefer doing sth
47. consider doing sth 48. dream of / about doing sth
49. continue doing sth 50. put off doing sth
51. be used for doing sth =be used to do sth 52. prefer doing sth to doing sth
53. without doing sth 54. be comfortable doing sth
55. can’t stop/help doing sth 56. look forward to doing sth
57. be against doing sth 58. have trouble/problems/difficulty (in) doing sth 59. suggest doing sth 60. be busy doing sth 61. be worth doing sth
一.接动词不定式 （ to do/ do sth ）
1.like to do sth 2.like sb to do sth 3.let's (not ) do sth 4.want to do sth
5.want sb to do sth 6.love to do sth 7.ask sb (not ) to do sth 8.stop to do sth
9.tell sb (not ) to do sth 10.watch sb do sth 11.it's time (for sb) to do sth 12.help sb (to ) do sth
13.help do sth 14.make sb do sth 15.decide (not ) to do sth 16.find it +adj + to do sth
17.have to do sth 18.try (not ) to do sth 19.try one's best to do sth
20.it's +adj +(for)of +sb + to do sth 21.plan to do sth 22.s.p.+be a good place to do sth
23.it takes sb +some time + to do sth 24.send sb to do sth 25.invite sb to do sth
26.forget to do sth 27.live to be +时间 28.be able to do sth 29.have sth to do
30.seem to do sth 31.get sb /sth to do sth 32.疑问词+ to do sth 33.need sth to do sth
34.use sth to do sth 35.follow sb to sth 36.need to do sth 37.a good time to do sth
38.the best time to do sth 39.the best way to do sth 40.be the first / last one to do sth
41.would like to do sth 42.be excited /surprised to do sth 43.be useful to do sth
44.be allowed to do sth 45.allow sb to do sth 46.it's better to do sth 47.it's best to do sth
48.take care (not) to do sth 49.see sb do sth 50.why not do sth ?51.have enough time to do sth
52.too… to do sth 53.not… enough to do sth 54.encourage sb to do sth 55.choose to sth
56.wait to do sth 57.be happy/glad/pleased to do sth 58.make it +adj + to do sth
59.be careful to do sth 60.be afraid to do sth 61.it's our duty to do sth 62.used to do sth
63.can't afford to do sth 64.make a decision to do sth 65.have an opportunity to do sth
66.wait for sb to do sth 67.would do sth rather than do sth 68.would rather do sth than do sth
69.hurry to do sth 70.refuse to do sth 71.agree to do sth 72.pretend to do sth
73.pretend to be doing sth 74.prefer to do sth 75.prefer not to do sth
76.prefer to do sth raher than do sth 77.be willing to do sth
78.volunteer +时间/ 钱 + to do sth 79.volunteer to do sth
80.offer to do sth 81.rush to do sth 82.in order (not ) to do sth 83.be certain to do sth
84.be sure to do sth 85.make plans to do sth 86.go out of their way to do sth
87.lead sb to do sth 88.it's one's job to do sth 89.it's one's turn to do sth 90.urge sb to do sth
91.could /would you please (not) do sth ? 92.be supposed to do sth 93.warn sb to do sth
二、接动名词 （doing sth ）
1.like doing sth 2.enjoy doing sth 3.have fun doing sth 4.be interested in doing sth
5.thanks for doing sth 6.look at sb doing sth 7.stop sb doing sth 8.stop sb from doing sth
9.go + v-ing 10.do the (some )+v-ing 11.what/how doing sth ? 12.practice doing sth
13.watch sb doing sth 14.find sb doing sth 15.mind (one's ) doing sth 16.can't stand doing sth
17.think about doing sth 18.spend … (in)doing sth 19.finish doing sth 20.be busy doing sth
21.keep doing sth 22.keep sb from doing sth 23.keep sb doing sth 24.be good at doing sth
25.hate doing sth 26.there be +名词+doing sth 27.make a living by doing sth
28.have a difficult time doing sth 29.feel like doing sth 30.allow doing sth 31.see sb doing sth
32.by doing sth 33.end up doing sth 34.do a survey about doing sth 35.be afraid of doing sth
36.be used to doing sth 37.be terrified of doing sth 38.give up doing sth
39.instead of doing sth 40.have nothing against doing sth 41.be serious about doing sth
42.have a chance of doing sth 43.before/ when /while +doing sth 44.start doing sth
45.have a lot of experience doing sth 46.prefer doing sth 47.consider doing sth
48.dream of / about doing sth 49.continue doing sth 50.put off doing sth
51.be used for doing sth =be used to do sth 52.prefer doing sth to doing sth 53.without doing sth
54.be comfortable doing sth 55.can't stop/help doing sth 56.look forward to doing sth
57.be against doing sth 58.have trouble/problems/difficulty (in) doing sth 59.suggest doing sth
60.be busy doing sth 61.be worth doing sth
XX高考英语备考（考点聚焦+名题导解） 非谓语动词¯一、考点聚焦 1、非谓语动词的句法功能
名称
语 法 功 能
主语
宾语
宾语补足语
表语
定语
状语
不定式
√
√
√
√
√
√
动名词
√
√
√
√
现在分词
√
√
√
√
过去分词
√
√
√
√2、动词不定式复心中应注意的几个问题 （1）不定式作表语与“be + to do sth.”的异同。不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。 his job is to guard.(说明内容) be + to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事) （2）带不定式作宾语的词语。 下列词语常不定式作宾语：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。 下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss等。 （3）如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。 ①动词see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。②常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况：主语 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.③主语 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done④主语 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.（4）不定式作定语的特殊用法。①下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。there is no one to look after her.③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。she is now looking for a room to live in.（5）不定式作状语的用法。不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。we hurried to the classroom only to find none there .in order(not)to,so as(not)to用来引导目的状语,enough,too, so… as to do, such + 名词… as to do作结果状语，如:the girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.i’m not such a fool as to believe that.（6）不定式的完成时的特殊用法。①表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。the novel was said to have been published.i regret to have been with you for so many years.seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。i’m sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等）i’m sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）②不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。（a）should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时。（b）was / were to + 不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。（c）expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成时，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。（7）不定式的省略。 ①同一结构并列由and或or连接。i want to finish my homework and go home.i’ m really puzzled what to think or say.特例：to be or not to be,this is a question.he is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)②不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。what he did was lose the game.③句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。don’t do anything silly, such as marry him.④主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。⑤why not、had better、would rather、can’t but等词后省to。如：he could not but walk home.（8）不定式的替代。多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：susan is not what she used to be.—you came late last night. you ought to have finished yourhomework.—i know i ought to have.常见的有：i’d like / love / be happy to.3、动名词复习中应注意的几个问题（1）动名词作宾语。①下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, eacape, permit。②下列动词短语接动名词：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。③介词后要接动名词。what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介词后接动名词。注意on / upon doing sth. = as soon as 引导的从中。作此意讲时on / upon后也可以接名词。如on his arrival…。④动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别：begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, can’t stand
例 句
解 析1. it began to rain. it began raining.2. it was beginning to snow.3. i love lying (to lie)on my back.4. i like listening to music, but today i don’t like to.5. i don’ t prefer to swim in the river now.1. 意思无差别，但谓语动词用进行时，后面只跟不定式。2. 表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语，如果表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式。remember, forget, regret, try
例 句
解 析1. i remember to meet her at the station.i remember seeing her once somewhere.2. i forgot giving it to you yesterday. i forgot to tell you about it. now here it is.3. i regret not having working hard. i regret to hear of your sister’s death. 4. try knocking at the back door. we must try to get everything ready.5. that will mean flooding some land. i had meant to go on monday.1. remember to do sth.记住要做的事 remember doing sth.回顾过去发生的事2. forget to do sth.忘记要做的事 forget doing sth.忘记做过的事3. regret to do sth.对将要做的事抱歉 regret doing sth.对发生过的事后悔4. try to do sth.设法……，试图 try doing sth.试试看，试一试5. mean to do sth.打算做……，想要 mean doing sth.意味着，就是 want, require, need
例 句
解 析these desks need repairing.these desks need to be repaired.the patient required examinedthe patient required to be examined.1. need doing 需要被做 need to be done需要被做2. want doing want to be done3. require doing require to be done4、分词复习应注意的几个问题 （1）现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。 ①时间状语（分词作状语前面可加when, while等）hearing the good news, he jumped with greatjoy.not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her.②原因状语seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note③伴随状语the girls came in, following their parents.④结果状语the poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。①时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。②语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动进行，被动完成”。③人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。（2）分词作表语。s. + be + 动词-ed表示被动，主语是人；s. + be + 动词-ing表示主动，主语是物。分词作宾补不定式作宾补的区别：教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！">教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！"> 感官动词 动词原形→做了某事s.+ + 宾语 + 现在分词→正在做某事 使役动词 过去分词→做了或被做5、复习过去分词应注意的几个问题过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，有来说明原因、时间、条件等。 （1）过去分词作原因状语 tired by the trip, he soon feel asleep. = because he was tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep. lost in thought , he almost ran into a car. =as he was lost in thought, he almost ran into a car. （2）作时间状语 seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden. =when the city is seen from the hill, it looks like a garden. （3）作条件状语 given more time, i would have worked out the problem. =if i have been given more time, i would have worked out the problem. （4）伴随状语 the teacher came in, followed by some students. =the teacher came in and was followed by some students. 分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。如： her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him. ñ二、精典名题导解 选择填空 1. __________such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. a.having suffered b.suffering c.to suffer d.suffered 解析：答案为a。本题考查分词短语作状语的用法。分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，而本句的主语看似是it,其实它为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式，而不定式省略了逻辑主语for people，所以应用现在分词，又因already，应用完成时。 2. one learns a language by making mistakes and _______ them.(XX年春季高考) a.correct b.correcting c.corrects d.to correct 解析：答案为b。本题考查动名词作介词宾语的用法。介词by意为“通过……，凭……”，后面常接动名词，形成“by+ v. –ing ”结构，表示通过做某事而得到某种结果。本题中只有correcting符合。 3. the picture _________ on the wall is painted by my nephew. a.having hung b.hanging c.hangs d.being hung 解析：答案为b。本题考查现在分词作定语的用法。根据句意“墙上挂的那幅画是我侄子画的”，可知空白处所填的动词形式在句中作定语，表说话时仍在进行的动作或所处的解题关键在于分析picture与hang之间的逻辑关系。 4.“we can’t go out in this weather,”said bob, out of the window. a. looking b. to look c. looked d. having looked 解析：答案为a。本句考非谓与动词作伴随状语。全句合理的句意是：bob看着窗外说，“我们不能在这种天气出去”。bob在说话的同时在看着窗外，应使用现在分词一般式，表主动和进行。a项正合语境。b项不定式表主动、将来的动作。c项表被动完成的动作（上处不是并列谓语）。d项表完成的主动动作，均不和语境。 5.reading is an experience quite different from watching tv; there are pictures in your mind instead of before your eyes. a. to form b. form c. forming d. having formed 解析：答案为c。全句意为：读书是一种与看电视相当不同的体验，有画面在你的心中，而不是在你的眼前形成。所以本题考非谓语动词，表主动且进行着的动作。人们看书时，读到什么情节或场面，这样的情节或场面便（同时）在心中形成。 6.the news reporters hurried to the airport, only the film stars had left. a. to tell b. to be told c. telling d. told 解析：答案为b。本题考查非谓语用法。only + to do 常用此结构作结果状语，tell及物动词，tell之后常带双宾结构，故tell采用被动形式。
（精品推荐）XX届高考二轮复习英语学案--专题八 非谓语动词和独立主格结构
【典例精析】
1. （08北京）____ that she was going off to sleep, i asked if she'd like that little doll on her bed.
a. seeing b. to see c. see d. seen
【解题】a非谓语动词see构成的短语与句子的主语i即其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,用在句首,中间与句子用逗号分开,表示伴随情况,用作伴随状语,因此用现在分词。
2.(08全国卷i)i like getting up very early in summer. the morning air is so good ____.
a. to be breathed b. to breathe c. breathing d. being breathed
【解题】b在主系表结构中,当表语形容词为good, light, heavy, difficult等时,其后常用不定式作状语,表示时间,原因,结果等,且常用主动形式表示被动意义,因此选b。此处为特殊情况。
3.(08北京)----did the book give the information you needed?
----yes. but ____ it, i had to read the entire book.
a. to find b. find c.to be finding d. finding
【解题】 a 非谓语动词短语与主句之间用逗号隔开,作状语。根据句意:为了找到需要的信息,我不得不看完整本书的内容,表示目的。不定式常在句首作目的状语,且此处不表示动作正在进行,因此用一般式,选a。
4.（09湖南）nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it .
a. reusing b. reused c. reuses d. to be reused
【解析】d 考查动词不定时的用法。句意为：现在人们有时把他们的废物分开，以便很容易被重复利用。重新再利用是指将来发生的动作，而且是被动的。故选d。
5.（09江西）_________ the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars.
a. giving b. having given c. to give d. given
【解析】d 考查非谓语动词。如果把句子补充完整就不难看出：if they are given the right kind of training , 可知主语they 即these teenager soccer players与give 之间是被动的关系，所以用过去分词。根据主、从句主语一致可省略从句主语的原则，连词if 也可省，所以得出given the right kind of training , these teenager soccer players……
6.（09江西）the government plans to bring in new laws _____ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.
a. forced b. forcing c. to be forced d. having forced
【解析】b 考查非谓语动词的用法。 现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰new laws ,相当于which forces ……...
7.（09海南）the children all turned_____the famous actress as she entered the classroom.
a. looked at b. to look at c. to looking at d. look at
【解析】b。 句意为：当那位著名的女演员走进了教室，所有的孩子都转过头去看她。
turn to 表示“转向，求助”的意思。
8.(09海南) now that we’ve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions ?
a. taking b. take c. taken d. to take
【解析】c。 考查with +宾语+宾语补足语的用法。句意为：现在,我们已经讨论了问题,是人们最满意的决定？ take 与the decisions之间存在的关系是动宾关系，故用过去分词表示被动
9.（09山东）we are invited to a party _________in our club next friday.
a. to be held b. held c. being held d. holding
【解析】a 考查非谓语动词的用法，由next month可知时间是在将来，party是被举行，故选a。
10（09陕西）i still remember to the famen temple and what i saw there.
a. to take b. to be taken c. taking d. being taken
【解析】d 考查非谓语动词。此处非谓语动词做remember的宾语，而remember后用非谓语动词做宾语时，可以用v-ing形式，v-ing表示的动作已经完成，也可用动词不定式，表示的动作还未发生，根据后文的saw可知此处非谓语动词动作已经完成，且与逻辑主语是被动关系，用v-ing的被动式，选d。
11.（09福建） not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.
a. reminding b. reminded c. to remind d. having reminded
【解析】b 考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语the manager，非谓语动词与句子主语是被动关系，且其表示的动作在谓语动词set out之前已经发生，非谓语动词用过去分词，选b。
12.（09福建）in april, , president hu inspected the warships in qingdao, the 60th anniversary of the founding of the pla navy.
a. marking b. marked c. having marked d. being marked
【解析】a 考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词做状语，其后有宾语，故与逻辑主语是主动关系，且表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时进行，用现在分词，选a。
13.（09湖南）when he the door, he found his keys were nowhere.
a. would open b. opened c. had opened d. was to open
【解析】d 考查非谓语动词。动词不定时的用法。句意为：当他要打开门的时候,他发现他的钥匙不见了。动词不定时表示将要发生的动作。
14.（09湖南）9.at the age of 29, dave was a worker, in a small apartment near boston and ______ what to do about his future.
a. living; wondering b. lived; wondering
c. lived; wondered d. living; wondered
【解析】a 考查分词的用法。句意为：29岁的大卫,是一个工人,住在一间小公寓在波士顿附近,不知怎么办关于他的未来。现在分词作定语修饰a worker，and 为并列连词，连接相同的成份。
【专题突破】依据非谓语动词各个不同类型的考查方式和特点。可以采用非谓语动词和独立主格结构的“五步骤”做题法；即非谓语动词的“五步骤”做题法：1.牢记核心意义；2.分析句子成分；3.寻找逻辑主语；4.了解时间关系；5.分析特殊情况。独立主格结构的“五步骤”：1. 认识独立主格结构，建立独立主格结构概念；2. 认清独立主格结构的来源，理解独立主格结构的功能；3. 从逻辑主语的不同认识分词和独立主格结构作状语的区别；4.全面掌握独立主格结构的功能；5. 熟悉独立主格结构的不同类型，全面掌握独立主格结构。当然并非每道题都要全面考虑以上"五步骤" 有时只需通过一两个步骤即可得到答案。我相信,只要同学们在训练中严格按照这种思路去分析,就可以练就一双火眼金睛,那么,再难的考查非谓语动词和独立主格结构的试题都是可以快速得到答案的。
1. i don’t know whether you happen ____ it, but i’m going to study in the u.s.a. this september.
a. to be heard b. to be hearing c. to hear d. to have heard
2. _____ and out of breath, we reached the top of the mountain and stopped _____ the beautiful scenery.
a. tiring; to admire b. being tired; admiring
c. tired; to admire d. tired; admiring
3. don’t leave the water ____ while you brush your teeth.
a. run b. running c. being run d. to run
4. he looked around and caught a man _____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
a. put b. to be put c. to put d. putting
5. _____ the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it.
a. having stolen b. having been stolen c. stolen d. stealing
6. to answer correctly is more important than _____.
a. that you finish quickly b. finishing quickly
c. to finish quickly d. finish quickly
7. you will see this product made in this factory _____ wherever you go.
a. to be advertised b. advertised c. advertise d. advertising
8. the monument was built in honor of the explorer who was believed _____ the river.
a. to have discovered b. to have been discovered
c. to discover d. having been discovered
9. —— have you considered _____ your job as a teacher?
——yes. i like the job because a teacher is often considered _____ a gardener.
a. to change; to be b. to change; being c. changing; being d. changing; to be
10. mr. green is said _____ an experiment to prove the new method of solving the problem when young.
a. to do b. to have done c. to be doing d. to have been doing
11. seeing the soldiers well _____ for the flood-fight, the general nodded with satisfaction.
a. prepare b. preparing c. prepared d. having prepared
12.the murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
a. being tied b. having tied c. to be tied d. tied
13.weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
a. permitted b permitting c permits d for permitting
14.the speech ______ a lively discussion started.
a.being delivered b. was delivered
c.be delivered d. having been delivered
15.______, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly
than a man whose command of language is poor.
a.other things being equal b.were other things equal
c.to be equal to other things d.other things to be equal
16.all things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.
a.considered b.be considered c.considering d.having considere
参考答案：
1.【解析】d happen to have done sth 为不定式的完成时, 表示一个已经完成了的动作,强调对于现在的影响.
2.【解析】c tired and out of breath为“形容词和介词短语”在句中作状语。stop to do sth. 停下来去做另外一件事
3.【解析】b非谓语动词作宾语补足语时,选项a、d表示将来可能发生的动作;b表示宾语持续性动作,根据句意选b,表示水不停地流出。
4.【解析】d catch sb doing sth表示发觉或当场捉住 sb在做一件事情。
5.【解析】a从动作发生的时间来看，应是先偷钻石，再找地方藏匿，故用-ing形式的完成式。
6.【解析】c题意为“正确做出答案要比快速完成更重要”。两个非谓语动词短语在形式上应保持一致。
7.【解析】b advertise意为“为……登广告”。made in this factory作定语修饰product; advertised作宾语补足语。
8.【解析】a用不定式的完成式表示动作发生在(定语)从句谓语动作之前。
9.【解析】d consider 作“考虑”解时，后常接-ing形式（短语）作宾语；作“认为” 解时，后常接含有名词、形容词或to be的复合结构。
10【解析】b由when young可知此处应该用不定式的完成式，表示此动作发生在谓语动作之前。
11.【解析】c由固定短语be (well) prepared for可知此处应用过去分词作宾补。
12.【解析】d. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选d. 13.【解析】b. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选b。如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为if weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
14.【解析】d 句意：演讲完后，开始了热烈的讨论。把握前后主语不一致，动作发生在之前，故选答案为d.
15.【解析】a 句意：在其它条件相同的情况下，表达好的人肯定要比语言能力差的人更快地取得成功，前后的主语不一致，故选答案a.
16.【解析】a 考虑了方方面面之后，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消了,前后主语不一致，故答案为a。
【学法导航】非谓语动词内容繁多,用法复杂,是学生们在英语学习过程中的最大难点,也是高考中的必考项目。独立主格结构相对来说考查较少，但经常放在with复合结构中考查；同学们要想掌握他们的用法,轻松备战高考,快速准确地解题,不妨牢记非谓语动词和独立主格结构基本、特殊用法以及解题“五步骤”，具体内容如下:
一.非谓语动词“五步骤”
1. 牢记核心意义。不定式表将来或能够,动词ing形式表主动或进行,过去分词表被动或完
2.分析句子成分。非谓语动词在句中可充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、补语以及状语。
3.寻找逻辑主语,把握，前后主语一致性和主被动关系。非谓语动词虽然在语法上没有主语,但它仍表示的是动作,因此在意义上会有一个动作的发出者,这个发出者就是它的逻辑主语。作主语补足语,表语和状语时,逻辑主语为句子的主语;作宾语补足语,逻辑主语为宾语;作定语,逻辑主语是所修饰的先行词;复合结构自带逻辑主语。如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的是主动关系,用现在分词或不定式的主动式,如果是被动关系,则用过去分词或不定式的被动式,如果表被动进行,则用现在分词的被动式或不定式的被动进行式。
4.了解时间关系。如果非谓语动词与句子的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,用一般式;如果发生在之前,则用完成式,如果强调正在进行,则用进行时;如果动作在将来发生,则用不定式。
5.分析特殊情况。主要是指一些习惯用法,固定搭配等。
二.独立主格结构的“五步骤”
1.认识独立主格结构，建立独立主格结构概念。
最初的独立主格结构就是带逻辑主语的分词结构，它的作用相当于状语。
2. 认清独立主格结构的来源，理解独立主格结构的功能。
我们清楚地看出独立主格结构作状语和分词作状语一样来源于状语从句。
3.从逻辑主语的不同认识分词和独立主格结构作状语的区别。
分词作状语和独立主格结构作状语的区别就在于逻辑主语的不同，分词的逻辑主语为主句的主语，独立主格结构的逻辑主语就是分词前边的名词或代词。
4.全面掌握独立主格结构的功能。
要将复合句或并列句改成简单句时，应注意：要根据分词和独立主格结构作状语时逻辑主语的不同情况改写句子，当复合句或并列句的主语一致时，适合改成分词作状语；当复合句或并列句的主语不一致时，适合改成独立主格结构作状语。
5.熟悉独立主格结构的不同类型，全面掌握独立主格结构。
有时将并列句或复合句改成简单句时，应注意：原句中含有 be 动词时，一律改成 being 形式， being 后面为非名词时 being 可忽略。
独立主格结构除了分词式独立主格结构之外，还有介词、形容词、副词、不定式式独立主格结构，即带逻辑主语的介词、形容词、副词、不定式结构，可用作伴随状语、条件状语、原因状语或时间状语。
【专题综合】1. ____ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.
a. to throw b. thrown c. throwing d. being throwing
2. ____ in the fields on a march afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
a. to walk b. walking c. walked d. having walked
3. i hear they've promoted tom, but he didn't mention ____ when we talked on the phone.
a. to promote b. having been promoted
c. having promoted d. to be promoted
4. the message is very important, so it is supposed ____ as soon as possible.
a. to be sent b. to send c. being sent d. sending
5. ____ around the water cube, we wre then taken to see the bird's nest for the olympic games.
a.having shown b. to be shown c. having been shown d. to show
6. we had an anxious couple of weeks ____for the results of the experiment
a. wait b. to be waiting c. waited d. waiting
7. ____ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.
a. fail b. failed c. to fail d. having failed
8. it is one of the funniest things ____ on the internet so far this year.
a. finding b. being found c. to find d. found
9. ____ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.
a. waiting b.to wait c. having waited d. to have waited
10.----can those ____at the back of the classroom hear me?
-----no problem.
a. seat b. sit c. seated d. sat
11.he was busy writing a story, only _____once in a while to smoke a cigarette.
a. to stop b. stopping c. to have stopped d. having stopped
12. please remain ______; the winner of the prize will be announced soon.
a. seating b. seated c. to seat d. to be seated
13.----they are quiet, aren't they?
----yes. they are accustomed ______at meal.
a. to talk b. to not talk c. to talking d. to not talking
14.to learn english well, we should find opportunities to hear english ______as much as we can.
a. speak b. speaking c. spoken d. to speak
15. lucy's new job paid twice as much as she had made _____in the restaurant.
a. working b. work c. to work d. worked
16.the soldier fell asleep ________.
a.with the candle burning b.burning the candle
c.when he was burning the candle d.when burning the candle
17.________, the tiananmen square looks more beautiful.
a.being on b.when being on
c.with all the lights on d.when it turns on all the lights
18.____ the notice, he had an idea.
a.when he was watching b.watching c.when watching d.all the above
19.______ the notice, an idea came to his mind.
a.when he was watching b.watching c.when watching d.all the above
参考答案：1-5 cbbac 6-10 dddcc 11-15bbdca 16-19 acda
非谓语动词解题四部曲
一、分析句子结构 (简单句，并列句，复合句）
1. _____many times , but he still couldn't understand it .
2. _____many times , he still couldn't understand it .
a. having been told b. told c. he was told d. though he had been told
3. ___to the left , you'll find the post office .
4. if you ___to the left , you'll find the post office .
5. ________to the left , and you'll find the post office .
a. turning b. to turn c. turn d. turned
二、分析逻辑主语
确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语（逻辑主语没有主动和被动之分）。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一
致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。
1. ____no buses , we have to walk home .
2. ______sunday i shall have a quiet day at home .
3.the meeting put off, we have to wait for more days.
a. there being b. it were c. there were d. it being
三、分析语态 分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。
1. ______from space , the earth looks blue .
2.______from space , we can see the earth is blue .
a. seen b. seeing c. to see d. see
3. the dirty clothes ______ , the girl hung them up outside .
4. ______ the dirty clothes ,the girl hung them up outside .
a. was washed b. washed c. were washed d. having washed
四、分析时态 在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态。
1. the building ___now will be a restaurant .
2. the building ___next year will be a restaurant .
3.the building __last year is a restaurant.
a. having been built b. to be built c. being built d. built
1. he stood there ______for his mother .
2. ______for two hours , he went away .
a. waiting b. to wait c. waited d. having waited
3.what is the reason for __there ?
a. not your going b. not your go c. your not going d. you not to go
趁热打铁：
1.（北京09模拟）with their reputation ______in the milk powder incident, the food companies need ______ their image.
a. ruining, improving b. ruined, to improve
c. to ruin, to be improved d. to be ruined, being improved
2. (朝阳一模）peter' s mobile phone was left in a taxi accidentally, never again
a. to find b. to be found c. finding d being found
3. (朝阳一模）she couldn't help, even though she tried not to, ______ at the strange clothes her friend was wearing.
a. to laugh b. laugh c. laughing d. laughed
4. (朝阳一模）_____ the chapter four times, i finally understood the author's theory.
a.reading b.having read c.to read d.read
5. (海淀09期末)the hotel al arab ______ the first and only 7-star hotel in the world was designed in the shape of a sail of 321 meters.
a.was considered b.considering c.being considered d.considered
6. (海淀09期末)—does shelly like shopping?
一well，she would rather spend time at home than in the street.
a.read；wander b.reading；wander
c.in reading；to wander d.reading；to wander
7. (西城一模)the time and effort he has devoted during the past few years trees in that remote area is now considered to be of great value.
a.to planting b.to plant c.plant d.planting
8. (西城一模)he felt lonely in the first month abroad，but after a time he got alone and even got it.
a.used to living；to enjoy b.used to live；to enjoy
c.using to live；enjoying d.to be used to living；enjoying
9.（石景山区一模）一don’t worry! i’ll have bob the job at once!
一yes, he has, but he had it instead.
a. do; doing b. doing; do c. done; done d. do; done
10.（石景山区一模）i hear they’ve promoted tom, but he didn’t mention when we talked on the phone.
a. to promote b. having been promoted
c. having promoted d. to be promoted
11.（石景山区一模）1 hope with her about that during the time we at college.
a. to talk; studied b. to have talked; are studying
c. to talk; were studying d. to have talked; were studying
12. (海淀一模) these suggestions will help you become more cooperative and achieve more.
a.followed b.following c.to follow d.being followed
13. (海淀一模)一can i have the document right now?
一of course.wait a minute and i ’ll have my secretary it for you
a.to print b.printing c.printed d.print
14. (丰台一模)you have to decide which school to choose. you can’t postpone ________that decision much longer.
a.to make b.make c.made d.making
15. (丰台一模)when _______ why he went there, the astronaut said he was sent there to be trained for a space flight.
a.asking b.being asked c.asked d.having asked
16.（东城一模）the pop star walked out of the stage, her hands elegantly to her crazy fans.
a.waving b.was waving c.waved d.to wave
17.（东城一模）another primary school is reported for children in wen chuan now.
a.to have been built. b.to have built c.being built d.to be building
18.（东城一模）with their son a foreign college now, the parents have some financial problem now and then.
a.to attend b.attending c.attended d.having attended
19.（崇文一模）oh! my god! a file seems by mistake!
a.deleted b.to be deleted c.being deleted d.to have been deleted
20.（崇文一模） the noise, tony bent to look out of the window, the curtains with one hand.
a.to hear, to part b.hearing, parting
c.heard, parting d.to have heard, to part
21.（崇文一模）i can’t stand living in a busy city where people are always in a rush and to move to another place.
a.intended b.intending c.to intend d.intend
22.(宣武二模23)try ______the green button to see if the machine will start.
a.press b.to press c.pressing d.to have pressed
23.(宣武二模26)______with the threat of water shortages, beijing and shanghai are taking effective measures to save water and protect water resources.
a.face b.faced c.facing d.to face
24.(宣武二模35) a full discussion of the problem, the committee spent a whole hour exchanging their ideas at the meeting.
a.have b.having c.had d.to have
25.(西城二模25)--- you should have thanked the hostess before leaving.
--- i meant . but i couldn’t find her when i was leaving.
a.to do b.to c.doing d.doing so
26.(西城二模34)henry can’t attend the party at tom’s house at present because he is preparing tomorrow’s presentation.
a.hold b.to hold c.to be held d.being held
27.(海淀下期中25) these suggestions will help you become more cooperative and achieve more.
a.followed b.following c.to follow d.being followed
28.(海淀下期中27) --- can i have the document right now?
--- of course.wait a minute and i ’ll have my secretary it for you
a.to print b.printing c.printed d.print
29.(海淀下期末29）_____ the chapter four times, i finally understood the author's theory.
a.reading b.having read c.to read d.read
30.(海淀下期末30)they live on a busy road.there ______ be a lot of noise from the traffic.
a.must b.may c.would d.could
31.(海淀下期末35)the hotel al arab ______ the first and only 7-star hotel in the world was designed in the shape of a sail of 321 meters.
a.was considered b.considering c.being considered d.considered
32.(丰台二模24)—what’s the matter with tim?
—oh. his electronic dictionary was left in a taxi accidentally, never again.
a.to find b.to be found c.finding d.being found
33.(丰台二模26)looking at herself in the mirror, sofia decided to have her hair again.
a.wave b.to wave c.waving d.waved
34.(东城二模24)i’d rather have a house of my own than ____one with someone else, no matter how small it is.
a.to share b.sharing c.share d.have shared
35.(东城二模26）____by a greater demand for green products, the food company has set higher standards to ensure the quality.
a.driven b.being driven c.to drive d.having driven
36.(东城二模35)mistakes in ____ public notices can be seen here and there.
a.being translated b.translating c.having translated d.translated
37.(朝阳二模26)____in the mountains for three days, the young man was finally saved by the local police.
a.having lost b.lost c.being lost d.losing
38.(朝阳二模34)he spends, i think, a lot more time in reading english than i do ____ french.
a.learning b.to learn c.learn d.having learned
39.(东城示范校检测24)with the college entrance examination ____ near, both the parents and the students are more and more anxious.
a. draws b. drawn c. drawing d. is drawing
40.(东城示范校检测30) in a red skirt in the opening ceremony of the olympic games, the little girl lin miaoke won the hearts of the people all over the world.
a. dressed b. worn c. dressing d. wearing
41.(东城示范校检测34)the problems at the meeting tomorrow are really hard to solve.
a. discussed b. to discuss c. to be discussed d. discussing
42.(崇文上期末22)mrs. shedden was about to leave when she noticed a bird on the car.
a.sit b.sitting c.to sit d.having sat
43.(崇文上期末26）many young people’s aim is their own companies.
a.start up b.starting up c.to start up d.having stated up
44.(崇文上期末27) rex not to phone; i don’t want to be disturbed.
a.ask b.asking c.to ask d.asked
45.(崇文上期末30)as a secretary, her job includes the boss’s phone calls.
a.taking b.take c.taken d.to take
46.(崇文上期末33)some animals eat only one type of food even when the choice.
a.giving b.gives c.given d.to give
key
1,b 2,b 3,c 4,b 5,d
6,b 7,a 8,a 9,d 10,b
11,d 12,b 13,d 14,d 15,c
16,a17,a 18,b 19,d 20,b
21,d 22,c 23,b 24,d 25,b
26,d 27,b 28,d 29,b 30,a
31,d 32,b 33,d 34,c 35,a
36,d 37,b 38,a 39,c 40,a
41,c 42,a 43,b 44,a 45,a 46,c
