2018年高考英语复习笔记
7. people in china used to keep records by putting a number of stones together. 介词 by 作“用...方式，凭...手段"解，相当于“by the means of”，后面通常跟名词或动词的-ing形式。例如：all the work had to be done by hand.所有的工作都不得不用手工来完成。they greeted each other by raising their hats. 他们举帽相互致意。she has a good knowledge of english by teaching herself. 她靠自学掌握了英语。
8. this kind of paper was as soft and light as silk but much less expensive. 这种纸像丝一般轻柔，但是又不那么昂贵。在形容词和副词的比较级前可加 much, far, even 等词，以使程度得以加强。例如：food and clothing are now much more expensive. 吃的和穿的现在都贵多了。 this kind of paper is much heavier than that one. 这种纸比那种纸重得多。
9. by the first century the making of paper in some parts of china had been well developed and had become common. 到公元1世纪，中国的一些地区，造纸业已非常发达，这也是很普通的事情。动词develop 意思较多：this city developed out of a fishing village. 这个城市是由渔村发展起来的。plants develop from seeds. 植物由种籽发育而成。the child is developing well. 这孩子发育很好。develop a project 制订计划；develop a film 冲洗胶卷
10. your book on printing hasn’t been included in the list of new books. 你的那本关于印刷的书不包括在新书单中。掌握include的用法：this list includes my name. 名单中有我的名字。i include you among my friends. 我把你做为我的朋友。at least 80 persons were injured, including five policemen. 至少80人受伤，包括5名警察。
11. beat, hit, strike 这三个词都与汉语的“打”有关。 beat 指连续地打： beat the drum 打鼓；beat a boy 打孩子；beat sth flat 把某物锤薄；the rain beat upon the window. 雨打在窗子上。beat 还有“击败”的意思：their team beat ours by a large score. 他们队以悬殊比分战胜我们队。 hit 侧重“击中”，有时可表示“打一下”： the ball hit him in the eye. 球打在他的眼睛上。she hit him out of anger. 她生气打了他一下。 strike 一般用语的“打”，用途很广： we should strike while the iron is hot. 我们应该趁热打铁。 the clock struck ten. 钟已打十点。 he struck the table with a ruler angrily. 他生气地用尺拍桌子。
the chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中国人造纸已有XX年历史了。
现在完成进行时态，由“have/has been + 现在分词”构成，表示现在以前的这段时间里一直在进行的动作。如：i've been waiting here for about half an hour.我在这儿大概等了半个钟头了。he's been working at that factory since he came to beijing. 他到北京以来，一直在那个工厂工作。what have you been doing all this time? 这半天你干什么的？he is ill. he’s been lying in bed for three weeks. 他病了，他卧床三个星期了。
